STERILIZATION BY STEAM AND HOT AIR. 651 



five minutes will present colonies in moderate numbers ; 

 but, as a rule, they will represent but a single organ- 

 ism. Study this organism in pure cultures. 



The same may be % predicted for the tube which has 

 been heated for ten minutes, though the colonies will be 

 fewer in number. 



The thirty-minute tube may or may not give one or 

 two colonies of the same organism. 



The tube which has been heated for one hour is 

 usually sterile. 



The bouillon tubes from' the first and second tubes 

 which were heated will usually show the presence of 

 only one organism the bacillus which gave rise to the 

 pellicle-formation in the original mixture. This organ- 

 ism is bacillus subtilis. It is especially adapted to the 

 study of those various degrees of resistance to heat that 

 spore-forming bacteria exhibit at different stages of their 

 development. 



Inoculate about 100 c.c. of sterilized bouillon with 

 a very small quantity of a pure culture of this organism, 

 and allow it to stand in a warm place for about six 

 hours. Now subject this culture to the action of steam 

 -for five minutes ; it will be seen that sterilization, as a 

 rule, is complete. 



Treat in the same way a second flask of bouillon, 

 inoculated in the same way with the same organism, 

 but after having stood in a warm place for from forty- 

 eight to seventy-two hours that is, until spores have 

 formed and it will be found that sterilization is not 

 complete : the spores of this organism have resisted the 

 action of steam for five minutes. 



To determine if sterilization is complete always resort 

 to the culture methods, as the macroscopic and micro- 



