288 



PRUNING. 



ous year's growth are tied spirally (see fig. 141), and on 

 the other the new shoots are conducted as they grow, and 

 tied so as not to be removed. In the winter pruning these 

 canes are shortened, and those that 

 bore last year are cut down for the 

 production of new canes. 



Another practice is to use three 

 stakes, on the centre one of which 

 the new shoots are grown, and on 

 the two outside ones a cane is train- 

 ed for fruiting. Another system 

 of training on stakes is to cut back 

 the vine to three or four eyes for 

 fruiting, and two or so for new 

 canes ; the whole, then, as they 

 grow, are trained to the one stake. 

 This practice answers for some weak 

 growers, or for those with sparse 

 foliage, but is not advisable with 

 strong-growing, vigorous sorts. 



For more complete details of 

 modes of grape-growing and prun- 

 ing, we refer to the various valuable books devoted ex- 

 clusively to the subject. 



Fig. 141. SPIRAL TRAIN- 

 ING. 



CULTURE OF FOREIGN GRAPES IN COLD VINERIES. 



Repeated experiments made during many years in all 

 parts of the country, have convinced people generally that 

 the delicious varieties of the foreign grape cannot be pro- 

 duced with any considerable degree of success in the open 

 air. A large number of the hardiest French and German 

 sorts have been tested in our ground, but not one of them 

 has borne satisfactorily. A few good bunches have been 

 obtained the first season or two under very favorable cir- 



