THE PILBEBT. 301 



Heating with hot water is unquestionably best, but 

 many good houses are now, and will continue to be, 

 warmed by means of brick flues, or, what is perhaps 

 better and cheaper, by sections of stone pipe. 



A series of connected houses, that we have built, are 

 twelve feet wide and eighty feet long, and we know of 

 nothing better, for a single house, than one of these by 

 itself (fig. 150). In this the sashes are fixed permanently to 

 the ridge-pole and plate, and ventilation obtained by cutting 

 away the sash-bars at top, at distances of ten feet, and 

 forming a frame to be hung on hinges. Movable sash- 

 bars or frames are by some preferred, and where there is 

 any other use for them than as applied to the house 

 proper, they are probably best. 



Bottom heat is obtained when the house is heated by 

 flues or pipes, by simply inclosing the space along one 

 side, below the bench, with boarding, leaving the upper 

 board hung on hinges, so that the heat may be let into 

 the house as required. 



Tanks of hot water as the base for forming bottom- 

 heat are also used, and when great care is practised they 

 are of the best ; but there is a liability to dampness in 

 houses so heated, and in extreme cold weather it is diffi- 

 cult to get heat in the main part of the house without too 

 much for the plants. 



SECTION 0. PRUNING AND THAUTING THE FILBEET. 



The filbert in this country is a neglected fruit. It is 

 seldom found in the garden, and more rarely still in a pro- 

 lific, well-grown condition. Of all other trees, it requires 

 regular and proper pruning to maintain its fruitful ness. 

 The blossoms are monoecious that is, the male organs, 

 which are in long catkins (fig. 37), are produced from one 

 bud, and the female flowers from another. 



The blossom or fruit buds are produced on shoots of 



