316 THE RASPBERRY. 



in the center, being the canes which bore fruit last year, 

 and which must be cut down to the bottom, and be re- 

 placed by the upright shoots of last summer. 



In this last arrangement, five or six fruit-bearing canes 

 are tied together to one stake, and it is impossible that 

 the fruit can either ripen well or be gathered easily. The 

 two first are good and simple plans. 



Where summer pruning is practised no training will be 

 needed, but in absence of that operation being performed 

 we have practised driving stakes at distances of twelve feet 

 or so along the row, and then simply securing a cord at one 

 end of the row, pass it along one side, just under the side 

 branches, giving a tie around each stake, and the same 

 on the opposite side, thus securing the canes from falling 

 to the ground, and yet leaving them free and open to air 

 and sunshine. After fruiting the cord can be taken off 

 and laid away for another year. 



Protection in Winter. All the foreign, or, as commonly 

 termed, Antwerp varieties, require winter protection in 

 the northern sections of the States, and, indeed, they are 



Fig. 156. COVERING RASPBERRIES WITH THE SPADE. 



the better, wherever grown, for a slight protection during 

 the winter months. 



In garden culture the canes are bent down and earth 

 covered over them with a spade to the depth of two to 

 three inches (fig. 156), the dotted lines being the top of 

 the covering of earth. 



In the field or large plantations, a plow is run along by 

 the side of the row, and a shallow furrow opened (a, fig. 

 157) ; then a man or boy follows, and, bending the 

 canes down into it (#), secures them in place by draw- 



