FRAMES FOR GARDENS. 



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FRAMES FOR GARDENS. 



cade and produce a stream. On the other 

 hand, if it is to be forced upwards, the 

 bottom of the fountain-head must be some 

 inches above the point to which the jet is 

 to rise, and the supply pipe should lead 

 from the lowest part of the basin, descend- 

 ing in a continuous and uniform line, with- 

 out break or bend, to increase the friction. 

 Any such departure from the direct line 

 must be calculated in the result ; the usual 

 calculation being that a head six inches in 

 diameter will force a column of water up 

 a jet one-eighth of an inch in diameter. 

 Where iron pipes are used, the deposit of 

 calcareous matter soon stops them up ; 

 they are useless, therefore, when less than 

 three-inch pipes, unless coated, outside and 

 in, with some composition for preventing 

 oxidation. 



When the jet is to be 

 forced higher than the 

 fountain-head, mechanical 

 force becomes necessary, 

 either to pump the water 

 to a higher level, as at the 

 Crystal Palace, or by means 

 of the hydraulic ram, a 

 machine contrived to raise 

 water by its own momen- 

 turn a sort of reciproca- 

 ting process in which a 

 comparatively small quan- 

 tity of water is forced up 

 at a time, but the process 

 being continuous and self- 

 acting great aggregate re- 

 no 2. -PRINCIPLE suits are obtained. Thus, 

 OF THE FOUNTAIN jt ma y be said, it is only 



EXPLAINED. 111 J 



where the pleasure garden 

 is surrounded by high grounds that a satis- 

 factory result can be obtained and effective 

 fountains constructed. 



Frames for Gardens. 



Long Frame. This is a glazed structure of 

 moderate height, and of length and breadth 



generally regulated by the purpose to which 

 it is put. It will be convenient to regard 

 the garden frame as altogether a structure 

 movable at pleasure, and to dissociate it 

 from the immovable forcing pit, whose 

 sides, as it has been already explained, are 

 of brick surmounted by a coping of wood, 

 whereon rest movable lights, precisely 

 similar to those that are used for the 

 wooden garden frame. Long ranges in 

 frame fashion, as shown in Fig. I, which 

 must be regarded rather as protectors than 

 as structures in which heat is maintained, 

 may be made in any convenient position 

 and in a sunny aspect by means of boards 

 at front and back placed end to end, those 

 in the rear being wider than those in front, 

 so that the lights may slant from back to 

 front, and closed by boards at each end, 

 the boards being steadied and kept in 

 position by stakes driven in on both sides 

 of them, or, if greater neatness be sought 

 after, by stakes rectangular in form, about 

 3 inches wide and I inch thick, sharpened 

 to a point at the lower end to enter the 

 soil, and screwed to the boards either in- 

 side or outside. The frame thus made is 

 then covered in with a row of small lights, 

 say 4 feet long by 3 feet broad, placed side 

 by side, and resting, one end on the board 

 at back and the other end on the board in 

 front. A structure of this kind may be con- 

 siderably strengthened by nailing strips of 

 wood between each frame from back board 

 to front board, and then by screwing a 

 broader strip to these underneath, so as to 

 form a rebate on each side of them, facility 

 may be given for sliding the frames up 

 and down, otherwise ventilation must be 

 effected by raising the frames either in front 

 or at the back, propping them up by sup- 

 ports cut step fashion, as in Fig. 2, so that 

 more or less space may be given for the 

 entrance of air according to the state of the 

 weather. Lights for such a frame as this 

 may be glazed or covered with oiled calico, 



