GALANTHUS. 



204 



GARDEN PATHS/ 



Galanthus. See Snowdrop. 



Galls. 



Excrescences of various kinds and form 

 produced in the bark or leaves of the oak 

 rose, &c., by different varieties of insects 

 The Cynips aptera produces galls on the 

 roots of the beech, elm, and other trees 

 but the oak galls are caused by the 

 Andricus tcrminalis, or Gall Fly. Th 

 Rhodites Rosa produces the large woolly 

 galls upon various kinds of roses. The 

 larvae of Rhodates Rosa are white, fleshy 

 grubs, destitute of feet, which are trans- 

 formed into white, inactive pupae at their 

 full size. They undergo their change to 

 the perfect state within the gall, or Rose 

 bedeguar, as it is called, eating their way 

 through it to the open air, and emerging 

 in their winged state. Several species of 

 these gall-flies are found together. 



Gardens, How to Lay out 



Small. See Cottage and Kitchen 

 Gardens, Arrangement of; Crops, Dis- 

 position of, and Sequence of Crops. 



Garden Paths and Walks. 



As garden walks are necessary parts of 

 every garden, whether large or small, it 

 is necessary here to give, as exhaustively as 

 space will permit, a description of the 

 different methods that are employed in 

 their formation. 



Substratum. The chief thing to be 

 done in every case is to provide a solid 

 but yet porous substratum, which will 

 afford sufficient support to the materials 

 of which the upper part of the walk, 

 or rather its surface, is made, and yet 

 allow of the rapid passing away of the 

 water that may fall on the walk in the 

 form of rain. Of course, we are now 

 supposing that the walk is made in the 

 ordinary way, and coated with gravel, 

 which is used for walks and paths in the 



same manner that " metalling," as broken 

 stones are technically called, is used for 

 broader roadways, especially those of 

 a public character. The course of the 

 path or walk must first be marked out 

 with stakes, and the surface soil removed, 

 as in roadmaking, to the depth of from 12 

 inches to 18 inches, if there be no lack 

 of material to fill up the trench thus made. 

 From one-third to one-half the depth must 

 then be filled up with rough stones, brick- 

 bats, clinkers from the brick fields, slag 

 and scoriae from the iron works, and any 

 course, hard rubbish that can be gathered 

 together. 



Surface. The greater part of the 

 remainder of the trench must then be 

 filled up with coarse gravel, shingle, &c., 

 which may be mixed with a little earth, 

 to give consistency to the whole, and 

 finally coated with good gravel to the depth 

 of 2 or 3 inches. This superficial layer 

 must be constantly rolled with a heavy 

 ;arden roller until the path is hard and 

 solid. The section of a garden walk 

 made in this manner is shown in Fig. i, 



FIG. I. SECTION OF GARDEN WALK. 



n which A represents the stratum of 

 brickbats, &c., B the layer of gravel or 

 shingle, intermediate in siz( between the 

 Brickbats below and the gravel, c, above. 

 The top of the gravel, and, indeed, of 

 every walk, should be gently rounded 

 n order to allow any rain that may fall 

 o trickle off on either side, whence it 

 oaks away into the earth at E, E. 



Foundation of Faggots. -Supposing, as 



s sometimes the case, that the ground is 



>f a loose, porous character, or wet and 



marshy, and, therefore, not calculated to 



fford a solid basis to the pathway, it is a 



