TREES AND SHRUBS. 



509 



TREES, TRAINING. 



all, of the trees and shrubs of which seed 

 may be procured without difficulty. 



Trees and Shrubs, Culture of. 



There is comparatively little to be said 

 respecting the culture of trees and shrubs 

 of all kinds, as it is extremely simple in 

 itself, and confined to raising the plant in 

 situ from seed, or transplanting it from the 

 nursery in which it has been grown, and 

 then affording it such protection from 

 animals, and security against injury from 

 high winds and storms, until it is so firmly 

 rooted in the soil, in the first place, or has 

 attained to a sufficient size, in the second 

 place, to render these precautions un- 

 necessary. After this, nothing more is 

 requisite, in the case of trees, than judicious 



system of growing and training trees on 

 supports is applicable to the apple in open 

 ground, and to pears, peaches, nectarines, 

 apricots, plums, and cherries on walls or 

 wires. When a tree is said to be trained 

 on the cordon system, it means that its 

 growth is restricted to the stem only and 

 the fruit spurs which issue from it, or to 

 two branches, which leave the stem at a 

 short distance above the ground, and are 

 trained in directly opposite directions or in 

 parallel lines. The cordon assumes three 

 directions the horizontal, the vertical or 

 upright cordon, and the oblique cordon, 

 which is mostly grown at an inclination 

 of 45 to the ground level. When a wall is 

 covered with cordon trees, the trees are 

 planted about 18 inches apart, and the 



FIG. I. LOW CORDON FOR EDGING OF BORDER IN WINTER. 



lopping and thinning of branches, and the , 

 removal of dead wood when needful. For 

 shrubs, a closer supervision is necessary, 

 combined with pruning and trimming in 

 the winter season, with the clearance of 

 weeds, and the periodical cleansing of the 

 soil in which they are growing, when the ! 

 shrubs are found in borders and on breadths | 

 of ground, which are too large to be re- 

 garded as borders, but which are not 

 covered with a carpeting of turf. 



Trees and Shrubs, Small, How 



to Plant. See Transplanting (Re- 

 planting of Young Trees, <5rY. ). 



Trees, Training, on Cordon 

 System. 



Cordon System for Fruit-trees. This 



stems are trained in parallel lines. By a 

 judicious system of pruning, based on the 

 mode already described under " Pruning," 

 the growth of lateral branches is prevented, 

 and the formation of fruit spurs promoted. 

 The utility of this mode of training rests 

 on the fact that the wall is more quickly 

 covered by the growth of many trees than 

 by that of one, and that the fruit-produc- 

 ing power of a tree is concentrated and 

 focussed as it were far more effectually in 

 a small tree than in a large one. 



Cordon System, Horizontal ', for Apples. 

 It has been said that the apple is the 

 only kind of fruit-tree that is grown as 

 a cordon in the open, and that the form 

 most generally adopted is that of the hori- 

 zontal cordon, in which it is used as an 

 edging for borders, being grown about 12 



