WALLFLOWER. 



550 



WALLS OF BRICK. 



Wallflower (nat. ord. Crucif erse). 



For spring gardening the hardy peren- 

 nials known as wallflowers (Cheirantkits 

 C.heiri) are as indispensable as the crocus 



SINGLE WALLFLOWER. 



or the tulip, and from the delicious frag- 

 rance of their beautiful flowers they are 

 especial favourites, producing a splendid 

 effect in beds or mixed borders. On 

 account of their variety, much interest 

 is excited in raising them from seed. 



The single wallflowers bear flowers vary- 

 ing from rich yellow and yellow striped 

 with red to a deep blood red, and even to 

 purple. The double wallflowers are yellow 

 and a rich velvety brown red. These do 

 not seed and must be raised from cuttings. 

 A double yellow wallflower trained against 

 i wall will sometimes cover a space 4 feet 

 in height and the same in width. 



Walls of Brick. 



Excavating and Foundation. The posi- 

 tion of the walls being determined, as well 

 as the material, trenches for the reception 

 of the foundations should be excavated. 

 Their depth must depend upon the sub- 

 soil, and the workmen should dig until 

 they reach a solid homogeneous bed. The 

 trench completed, it should be filled up 

 with concrete, consisting of six or seven 

 parts of coarse gravel, stones, or brick 



rubbish, to one part of freshly slaked lime 

 and one part of cement. This material 

 should be mixed thoroughly in a heap, 

 and thrown into the trench from a plat- 

 form of scaffold boards raised 2 or 3 

 feet above the level of the ground. The 

 effect of throwing the concrete from a 

 position a few feet above that in which 

 it is intended to remain is to consolidate 

 the wall, the force and weight of the 

 descending material tending to drive the 

 particles closer together. The trench may 

 be filled with the concrete that is to serve 

 as a foundation for the walls up to the 

 surface of the ground, or it may be carried 

 a few inches above it. This would tend 

 to keep the wall dry at the base, for if the 

 brickwork is below the surface of the soil, 

 as bricks are more or less porous, they will 

 absorb moisture from it. 



Thickness. The thickness of the wall 

 must depend on its height, and the foun- 

 dation should be thicker by 3 or 4 inches 

 than the wall itself, this thickness rising 

 5 or 6 inches above the surface-level. For 

 a wall 6 or 7 feet high, a single brick, or 

 9-inch wall, will suffice ; for higher walls, 

 it will require a brick in length and 

 another in breadth, or 14 inches ; beyond 

 12 feet and up to 18, two bricks in length, 



DOUBLE WALLFLOWER. 



or 1 8 inches. Walls of these proportions 

 are capable of supporting a lean-to green- 

 house of corresponding height if they are 



