126 



NOTES TO PRECEDING SECTION. 



of granite in reference to stratification, express the (general 

 or principal character of the whole formation. In some 

 places (vide p. 75, and the description of the Narym chain, 

 hear the boundary of China, Rose's Reise, Bd. 1. S. 599) 

 granite indeed shows config^uralions which lead us to con- 

 jecture that at the period of its eruption it was not always 

 without fluidity, just as happens in the case of Trachyte 

 (Dufrenoy et Elie de Beaumont, Description g6ologique de 

 la France t. i. p. 70). As we have in the text mentioned 

 the narrow fissures through which basalt has generally flow- 

 ed, I take the opportunity in this place of referring to the 

 •wide chasms which have served the melaphyrcs (which 

 must not be confounded with the -liasalts) as channels of ef- 

 flux. See the interesting account by Murchison, in his Si- 

 lurian System, p. 126, of a chasm 450 feet wide, in the coal- 

 pit at Cornbrook, Hoar-Edge, through which the melaphyre 

 has made its way. 



231 (p. 78.) — Sir James Hall, in the Edinb. Transact, vol. 

 V. p. 43, vol. vi. p. 71 ; Gregory Watt, in the Philos. Trans- 

 actions of the Royal Society of London, for 1804, pt. ii. p. 

 279 ; Dartigues and Fleuriau de Bellevue, in the Journ. de 

 Phys t. Ix.-p. 456 ; Bischofl', Warmelehre, S. 313 and 443. 



^^2 (p. 78.) — Gustav Rose, in PoggeudorfFs Annalen der 

 Physik, Bd. xlii. S. 364. 



233 (p. 78.) — On the dimorphism of sulphur, vide Mitscher- 

 lich, Lehrbuch der Chimie, I) 55 — 63. 



234 (p. 78.)— On gypsum as monuaxal crystal, sulphate of 

 magnesia, oxides of zinc and nickel, vide Mitscherlich, in 

 Poggend. Ann. Bd. xi. S. 328. 



235 (p. 78.)— Coste, Versuche, in Creusot iiber das briichig 

 werden des Stabeisens, in Elie de Beaumont, M6m. geol. t. 

 ii. p. 411. 



236 (p. 78.) — Mitscherlich iiber die Ausdehnungder krys- 

 tallisirten Korper durch die Warme. in Poggend. Ann. Bd. 

 X. S. 151. 



237 (p. 78.)— On double stratification cleavage, vide Elie 

 de Beaumont, Geologic de la France, p. 41 ; Credner, Ge- 

 ognosie Thiiringens und des Harzes, S. 40 ; Riimer, das 

 Rheinische Uebergangsgebirge, 1844, S. 5 und 9. 



238 (p. 78.)— With addition of clay, lime, and potash, not 

 silicic acid si mplv coloured with oxide of iron ; Rose, Reise, 

 Bd. li. S. 16», 187, and 192: vide also Bd. i. S. 427, whfere 

 the porphyry balls are represented between which the jas- 

 per occurs in the calcareous gray wacke mountains of Bo- 

 goslowsk, also as a consequence of the Plutonic effects of 

 Augitic rock : Rose, Bd. ii. S. 545 ; also Humboldt, Asie 

 centrale, t. i. p. 486. 



2=59 (p. 78.)— Rose, Reise, nach dem Ural, Bd. i. S. 586— 

 688. 



210 (p. 78.)— For the volcanic origin of mica, it is impor- 

 tant to remember that crystals of mica occur in the basalt 

 of the Bohemian Middle Mountains ; in the lava of Vesuvius 

 of 1822 (Monticelli, Storia del Vesuvio negli anni 1821 e 

 1822, t) 99) ; in clay-slate fragments of Hohenfels, not far 

 from Gerolstem in tne Eifel, enveloped in scoriaceous ba- 

 salt, vide Mitscherlich, in Leonhard, Basalt-Gebilde, S. 244. 

 On the priiduction of felspar in clay slate, through the con- 

 tact of porphyry between Urval and Poiet (Forez), vide Du- 

 frenoy, in G6ol. de la France, t. i. p. 137. A similar con- 

 tact gives the slate at Paiinpol, in Brittany, an amygdaloidal 

 and cellular character, an appearance which amazed- me 

 very much on a geological journey which I made on foot, in 

 company with Prof. Kunth, through that interesting country. 



241 (p. 78.)— Leopold von Buch in the Abhandlungen der 

 Akad. der Wisseusch. zu Berlin aus dem J. 1842, S. 63; 

 and in the Jahrblicher fiir wissenschaftliche Kritik, Jahrg. 

 1840, S. 196. 



242 (p. 78.) — Elie de Beaumont, in the Annales des Sci- 

 ences naturelles, t. xv. p. 362 — 372 : *' En se rapprochant 

 des masses primitives du Mont Rose etdes niontagnes situ- 

 6es A I'ouest de Coni, im voit les couches secondairesperdre 

 de plus les caract^res inh6rents & leur mode de depdt. Sou- 

 vent alors elles en prennent qui semblent provenir d'une 

 toute autre cause, sans perdre pour cela leur stratification, 

 rappelant par cette disposition la structure physique d'un 

 tison i moiti6 charb(mn6 dans lequel on peut suivre les tra- 

 ces des fibres ligneuses, bien au-delades points qui present- 

 ent encore les caracteres mutuels du bois." Vide also An- 

 nales des Sciences naturelles. t. xiv. p. 118- 122 ; and H. 

 von Dechen, Geognosie, S. 553. Among the most remark- 

 able evidences of the transformation of rocks under the in- 

 fluence of Plutonic agency, are the beletonitos in the schists 

 of Nuftenen (Alpine valley of Egine and the Gries-glacier), 

 as well as the belemnites in the so-called primitive limestone, 

 which M. de Charpentier discovered on the western flank 

 of the Col de Seigne, between Enclove de Monjovet and the 

 Alpine-hut de la Lanchette (Ann. de Chimie, t. xxiii. p. 

 262), and which he showed me in Bex, in the autumn of 

 1822. 



243 (p. 78.)— Hoffmann, in Poggend. Annalen, Bd. xvi. S. 

 552. " Strata of the transition clay slate of the Fichtelge- 

 birge, which can be followed for four miles, and only at ei- 

 ther extremity, where they come into contact with the gran- 

 ate converted into gneiss. There we can trace the gradual 



! formation of gneiss, and the internal development o' mics 

 j and of felspar amygaloids in clay slate, which indeed con- 

 tains almost all the elements of those substances." 



244 (p. 78.)— In the works of the ancient Greeks and Ro- 

 mans that have come down to us we observe the want of 

 jasper columns and large vessels of jasper, a substance which 

 the Ural mountains almost exclusively yield in masses of 

 any magnitude. The stone that is worked as jasper in the 

 Altai (Ravennaja Sopka, the Rhubarb mountains) is a mag- 

 nificent striped porphyry. Theophrastus and Pliny reckon 

 jasper among the number of non-irai)sparent gems ; and the 

 latter thinks it incumbent on him to mention a piece of the 

 mineral eleven inches long which he had seen : " Magnitu- 

 dinem jaspidis undecini unciarum vidimus, formalamque 

 iiide effigicm Neronis thoracatam." The stime which The- 

 ophrastus calls smaragd or emerald, and from which the 

 great obelisks were hewn, he regards as an unripe iasper. 



245 (p. 78.)— Humboldt, Lettre a M. Brochant de Villiers, 

 in the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, t. xxiii. p. 261 ; 

 Leop. von Buch, Geogn. Briefe iiber das siidliche Tyrol, S. 

 101. 105, and 273. 



246 (p. 79 )— On the transformation of compact into gran- 

 ular limestone through contact with granite in the Pyrenees 

 (Montague de Rancie), vide Dufr6noy, in the M^moires g6- 

 ologiques, t. ii. p. 440; and in the Montagues de I'Oisans, 

 vide Elie de Beaumont, M6m. geol. t. ii. p. 379— 415 ; by 

 Dioritic and Pyrorexic Por])hyries (Ophite ; Elie de Beau- 

 mont, G6ol. de la France, t. i. p. 72), between Toulouse and 

 St. Sebastian, vide Dufr6noy, in M6m. g6ol. t. ii. p. 130; 

 through Syenite, in the island of Elba, in which petrefac- 

 tions still continue visible in the limestime, in spite of the 

 changes it has suffered, M. von Dechen, Geognosie, S. 573. 

 In the metamorphosis of chalk, through contact with basalt, 

 the dislocation of the minute particles through the produc- 

 tion of crystals and the granulation is the more remarkable, 

 since we have been made aware, by Ehrenberg's discover- 

 ies, of the fact, that these chalk particles previously consist- 

 ed of articulated rings (vide Poggendorff's Annal. Bd. xxxix. 

 S. 105 ; and on the rings of Aragonite precipitated from a 

 state of solution, Gustav Rose, ib. Bd. xlii. S. 354). 



247 (p. 79 ) — Beds of granular limestone in granite at 

 Port d'Or and Mcmt de Labourd, vide Charpentier, Consti- 

 tution gtologique des Pyrenees, p. 144, 146. 



248 (p. 79.) — Leop. v(m Buch, Descr. des Canaries, p. 

 394 ; Fielder, Reise durch das Konigreich Griechenland, 

 Th. ii. S. 181, 190, and 516. 



249 (p. 79.)— I have already referred to the remarkable 

 passage in Origen's Philosophumena, cap. 14 (Opera ed. 

 Delarue, t. i. p. 893). From the whole context it is not very 

 unlikely that Xenophanes meant " an impression of laurel," 

 (tvitotj cd(pvris,) not an " impression of a fish," (rvirov a(p{')t]s), 

 Delarue blames Gronovius unfairly, who made the correc- 

 tion that " turned the laurel into an anchovy." The petri- 

 fied fish is a far more likely object than the natural image 

 of Silenus, which the quarry-men insisted they had dug 

 out of the marble quarries of Paros (the mountain Mar- 

 pessos, Servius ad Virgil, JEii. vi. 471), Plin. xxxvi. 5. 



2.50 (p. 79.) — On the geological relations of the town of 

 Carrara Luna, Selene civitas, vide Strabo, lib. v. p. 222; 

 Savi, Osservazioni sui terreni amtichi Toscani, in the Nuovo 

 Giornale de' Lettcrati di Pisa, No. 63 ; and Hoffmann, in 

 Karsten's Archiv fiir Mineralogie, Bd. vi. S. 258—263, as 

 also his Geogn. Reise durch Itaiien, S. 244—265. 



251 (p. 79.)— According to the view of an excellent and 

 experienced observer, Karl von Leonhard ; see his Jahrbuch 

 fur Mineralogie, 1834, S. 329, and Bernhard Cotta, Geog- 

 nosie, S. 310. 



252 (p. 79.)— Leop. von Buch, Geognostische Briefe an 

 Alex, von Humboldt, 1824, S. 36 and 82 ; also in the Annales 

 de Chimie, t. xxiii. p. 276, and the Abhandl. der Berliner 

 Akad. aus den J. 1822 und 1823, S. 83—136 ; H. von Dechen, 

 Geognosie, S. 574 — 576. 



253 (p. 79.)— Hoffmann, Geogn. Reise bearbeitet von H. 

 von Dechen, S. 113-119, 380—386; Poggend. Ann. der 

 Physik, Bd. x.xvi. S. 41. 



254 (p. 80.) — Dufr6noy, inM6moircs g6ologiqnes, t.ii. p 

 145 and 179. 



255 (p. 80.) — Humboldt, Essai g6ogn. sur le Gisement des' 

 Roches, p. 93 ; Asie centrale, t. iii. p. 532. 



256 (p. 80.) — Elie de Beaumont, in Annales des Sciences 

 naturelles, t. xv. p. 362 ; Murchison, Silurian System, p. 286. 



257 (p. 80.)— Rose, Reise nach dem Ural, Bd. i. S. 364 and 

 367. 



258 (p. 80.)— Leop. von Buch, Briefe, S. 109—129. Vide 

 also Elie de Beaumont on the Contact of Granite with Ju- 

 rastrata, m Mtim. g6ol. t. ii. p. 408. 



259 (p. 80.)— Hoffmann, Reise, S. 30 and 37. 



260 (p. 80.)— On the chemical process in the formation of 

 iron glance, vtrfe Gay-Lussac in Annales de Chimie, t. xxii. 

 p. 415 ; and Mitscherlich in Poggend. Ann. Bd. xv. S. 630. 

 In the cavities of the Obsidian of the Cerro del Jacal, which 

 1 brought with me from Mexico, crystals of olivine have 

 also been formed (apparently deposited from vapour, vide 

 Gustav Rose, in Poggend. Ann. Bd. x. S. 323). Olivine 



