NOTES TO PRECEDING SECTION. 



127 



therefore occurs : in basalt, in lava, in obsidian, in artificial 

 scoria;, in meteoric stones, in the syenite of Elfdaie, and (as 

 hyalijsiderite) in the Wacke of Kaiserstiihle. 



2fii (p. 60.)— Constantin von Beust iiber die Porphyr(?e- 

 bilde, 1635, S. 89—96 : his Beleuchtung der Werner'schen 

 Gangtheorie, 1840, S. 6 ; C. von Weissenbach, Abbildungen 

 merkwurdigrer Gangverhftltnisse, 1836, fig. 12. The band- 

 like structure of the veins is however as little general, as is 

 the sequence in respect of age of the several members of 

 these masses. Vide Frieslebeu iiber die sftchsischen Erz- 

 gftnge, 1843, S. 10—12. 



3tii (p. 80.)— Mitscherlich Qber die kiinstlicheDarstellung 

 der Mineralien, in the Abhandlungen der Akademie der 

 Wiss. zu Berlin aus den Jahren 1822 und 1823, S. 25—4!. 



■Jt« (p. 80.)— In scoriic: crystals of felspar discovered by 

 Heine, after the extinction of a roasting copper ore furnace, 

 not far from Sangerhausen, analysed by Kersten (Poggend. 

 Annalcn, Bd. xxxiii. S. 337) ; of augite in the scoriie of 

 Sable (Mitscherlich in den Abhandl. der Akad. zu Ber- 

 lin, 1822 and 1823, S. 40) ; of Olivine (Sefstrom in Leon- 

 hard, Basalt-Gebilde, Bd. ii. S. 495) ; of Mica in old scoriaj 

 of Schloss Garpenberg (Mitscherlich in Leonhard, loc. cit. 

 S. 506) ; of magnetic iron in scoriae of Chatillon sur Seine 

 (Leonhard, S. 441) ; of iron-glance arising in potter's clay 

 (Mitscherlich in Leonhard, S. 234). 



2tJ4 (p. 80.)— Produced on purpose: Idokras and garnet 

 (Mitscherlich in Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, Bd. 

 xxxiii. S..340) ; ruby (Gaudin in Comptes rendus de 1' Acad- 

 emic des Sciences, t. iv. pt. iv. p. 999) ; olivine and augite 

 (Mitscherlich and Berthier, in Annales de Chiniie et de 

 Physique, t. 24, p. 376). Although, according to Gust. 

 Rose, augite and hornblende show the greatest similarity 

 in the form of their crystals, and their chemical composition 

 is almost identical, still hornblende has never been found 

 by the side of augite in scoriie : even as little have chemists 

 succeeded in their attempts at producing hornblende or fel- 

 spar (Mitscherlich in Poggend. Annalen, Bd. xxxiii. S. 340, 

 and Rose, Reise nach dem Ural, Bd. ii. S. 358 and 363). 

 See also Beudant, in Mem. de I'Acad. des Sciences, t. viii. 

 p. 221, and Becquerel's able inquiries, in his Trait6 ed 

 l'Electricit6, t. i. p. 334; t. iii.p. 218; t. v. l,p. 148 and 185. 



2&5 (p. 80.)— D'Aubuisson, in Journal de Physique, t. 

 kviii. p. 128. 



2(56 (p. 81.)— Leop. von Buch, Geognost. Briefe, S. 75— 

 82 ; where it is at the same time shown, that the red sand- 

 stone (the dead layer of the Thuringian floetz formations) 

 and the coal formation must be viewed as products of erup- 

 tive porphyritic rocks. 



267 (p. 81.)— On Hooke's "hope to raise a chronology" 

 out of the study of fossil shells, and to state the intervals of 

 the time wherein such or such catastrophes or mutations 

 have happened, vide Posth. Works, Lecture, Feb. 29, 1688. 



267* (p. 81.)— A discovery of Miss Mary Anuing, who also 

 first discovered the coprolites of fishes. These, and the ex- 

 crements of the Ichthyosaurus, have been found in such 

 quantities at Lyme Regis, that they seem to lie, according 

 to Buckland's expression, *' heaped like potatoes upon the 

 ground." Vide his Geology with reference to Natural The- 

 ology, vol. i. p. 188-202, and 305. 



268 (p. 81.) — Leop. von Buch, in Abhandlungen der Akad. 

 der Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem J. 1837, S. 64. 



269 (p. 82.) — The same, Gebirgsformationen von Russland, 

 1840, S. 24—40. 



270 (p. 82.) — Agassiz, Monographic des Poissons fossiles 

 du Vieux Gres Rouge, p. vi. and 4. 



271 (p. 82.)— Leop. von Buch in Abhandl. der Berl. Akad. 

 1838, S. 149—168 ; Beyrich, Beitr. zur Kenntniss des Rhein- 

 ischen Uebergangsgebirges, 1837, S. 45. 



272 (p. 82.) — Agassiz, Recherches sur les Poissons fos- 

 siles, t. i. Introd. p. xviii. (Davy, Consolations in Travel, 

 Dial, iii.) 



273 (p. 82.) — According to Hermann von Meyer, a pro- 

 tosaurus (Palteologica, S. 229). The rib of a saurian, said 

 to be from the mountain limestone of Northumberland, is, 

 according to Lyell, extremely doubtful (Geology, vol. i. p. 

 148). The discoverer himself ascribes it to alluvial strata 

 which cover the limestone. 



274 (p. 82.)— F. von Alberti. Monographic des Bunten 

 Sandsteins, Muschelkalks und Keupers, 1834, S. 119 und 314. 



275 (p. 82.) — See the acute considerations of H. von Meyer 

 (Palaeologica, S. 228—252) on the organization of the flying 

 reptiles. In the petrified specimen of Pterodactylus cras- 

 sirostris, which, as well as the longer known Pterod. lon- 

 girostris, was found in the lithographic limestone of Solen- 

 hofen, Professor Goldfuss has found " traces of the mem- 

 brane which served for flight," as well as " impressions of 

 the curled, flocky, in some places inch-long hair, which cov- 

 ered the skin." 



276 (p. 82.)— Cuvier, Recherches sur les Ossemens fos- 

 siles, t. i. p. Iii. — Ivii. See also the geological scale of 

 epochs in Phillips's Geology, 1837, p. 166—185. 



277 (p. 82)— Agassiz, Poissons fossiles, torn, i, pt. xxx. 

 and torn. iii. p. 1—52 ; Buckland, Geology, vol. i. p. 273 

 —277. 



278 (p. 83.)— Ehrcnl)erg, iiber noch jetzt Icbendc Thier- 

 arten der Kreidebildung in den Abhandl. der Berliner Akad. 

 aus dem J. 1839, S. 164. 



2"y (p. 63.) — Valenciennes, in Comptes rendus de I'Acad. 

 des Sciences, torn. vii. 18.38, j)t. ii. p. 580. 

 ^280 (p. 83.)— The Weald-Clay ; Beudant, C^ologie, p. 

 173. The ornitholites increase in number in the gypsumof 

 the tertiary formation (Cuvier, Ossemens fossiles, torn. iii. 

 p. 302—328). 



281 (p. 83.)— Leop. von Buch, in Abhandl. der Berl. Akad. 

 aus dem J. 1830, S. 135-167. 



282 (p. 83.)— Quenstedt, Flozgebirge Wurtembery», 1843, 



283 (p. 83.)— Ibid. S. 13. 



284 (p. 83.)— Murchison divides the variegated sandstone 

 into twodivisions, the upper of which remains the Trias of 

 Alberti, whilst out of the lower, to which the Voges-sand- 

 stone of Elie de Beaumont belongs, the Zechstein and the 

 Todtliegendes, he forms his Permian System. With the 

 upper trias, i. e., with the upper division of our variegated 

 sandstone, he begins the secondary formations ; the Per- 

 mian system, the mountain or carlxmiferous limestone, the 

 Devonian and Silurian strata, are with him palieozoir for- 

 mations. According to these views, chalk and jura are 

 called the upper, keuper, muschelkalk, and variegated sand- 

 stone, the inferior secondary formations ; the Permian sys- 

 tem and the carboniferous lime are entitled the upper, the 

 devonian and silurian strata together the inferior palseozoic 

 formations. The basis of this general classification is de- 

 veloped in the great work in which the unwearied British 

 geologist gives an account of a great portion of the east of 

 Europe. 



286 (p. 83.) — Cuvier, Ossemens fossiles, 1821. torn. i. p. 

 157, 262, and 264. Vide Humboldt, uber die Hochebene 

 von Bogota in der Deutcheu Bierteljahrs-Schrift, 1839, Bd. 

 i. S. 117. 



286 (p. 83.) — Journal of the Asiatic Society, No. xv. p. 109. 



287 (p. 84.) — Bevrich, in Karsten's Archiv fUr Mineral- 

 ogie, 1844, Bd. xviii. S. 218. 



288 (p. 84.) — Through the admirable labours of Count 

 Sternberg, Adolph Brongniart, Goppert, and Lindley. 



283 (p. 84.) — Vide Robert Brown's Botany of Consro, p. 

 42, and the unfortunate d'Urville, in the Memoir: De la 

 distribution des Fougeres sur la surface du globe terrestre. 



2!)0 (p. 84.)— To this belong the Cycadeae of the old coal 

 formation of Radnitz, Bohemia, discovered by Count Stern- 

 berg, and described by Conla. Two species, Cycadites et 

 Zamites Coniai, vide Goppert, fossile Cycadeen in den Ar- 

 beiten der Schles. Gesellschaft, fur valerl. Culfjr im J 

 1843, S. 33, 40, and 50. In the coal formation of Koniga- 

 htitte. Upper Silesia, a Cycadea (Pterophyllum gonorrha- 

 chis, Goep.) has also been found. 



291 (p. 84.) -Lindley, Fossil Flora, No. xv. p. 16.^.^ 



292 (p. 84.)— Fossil Coniferae, in Buckland, Geology, p. 

 483—490. Mr. Witham has the merit of having first de- 

 tected the existence of coniferae in the earlier vegetation of 

 the old coal formations. All the stems of trees discovered 

 in these formations had previously been regarded as pjtlms. 

 The species of the genus Araucarites, h<»wever, is not pe- 

 culiar to the coal fields of Great Britain ; they are also met 

 with in Upper Silesia. 



293 (p. 84.) — Adolph Brongniart, Prodrome d'une HLst. 

 des Vegetaux fossiles, p. 176; Buckland, Geology, p. 479; 

 Endlicher and Unger, Grundziige der Botanik, 1843, S.455. 



294 (p. 84.) — " By means of Lepidodendron a better pas- 

 sage is established from Flowering to Flowerless Plants 

 than by either Equisetum or Cycas, or any other known 

 genus." — Lindley and Hiiiton, Fossil Flora, vol. ii. p. 53. 



295 (p. 84.)— Kunth, Anordung der Pflanzenfamilien, in 

 his Handb. der Botanik, S. 307 and 314. 



•296 (p. 84.) — That fossil coal consists of vegetable fibres 

 carbonized not through fire, but in the moist way, and un- 

 der the co-agency of sulphuric acid, is vouched for particu- 

 larly by Goppert's able observations, of a piece of Amber- 

 tree wood converted into coal (vide Karsten. Archiv flJr 

 Mineralogie, Bd. xviii. S. 530). The coal lies close to the 

 wholly unaltered amber. On the part which the lower 

 vegetables may have had in the production of coal, vide 

 Link in the Abhandl. der Berliner Akademie der Wissen- 

 schaften, 1838, S. 38. 



297 (p. 84.) — See the excellent paper of Chevandier, in 

 the Comptes rendus de I'Acad. des Sciences. 1844, torn. 

 xviii. pt. I. p. 285. In order to compare the half-inch thick 

 layer of carbonaceous matter with the coal strata, regard 

 must also be had to the enormous pressure which these 

 strata have suffered from the superincumbent beds, and 

 which is even attested by the generally flattened f.jrm of 

 the fossil stems of trees that are dug up. " The wwid-hills, 

 as they are called, of the southern shore of the island of 

 New Siberia, discovered in 1806 by Sirowatskoi, consist, 

 according to Hedenstrom, of elevations of about 30 fathoms, 

 made up of horizontal layers of sandstone interchangingly 

 with bituminous trunks of trees. On the tops of the hil- 

 locks the stems stand erect. The stratum of drift wood is 



