AT DAGGERS DRAWN 71 



also turned to account in breaking up roots which have 

 been exposed by digging with the fore-feet. But this is 

 certainly not the main purpose of such weapons. On the 

 contrary, their use is primarily as weapons of offence 

 between rival bulls. As one would expect, they never 

 attain to a very large size in the female, but that they are 

 large enough to serve her at need is shown by the fact 

 that a portion of a tusk, evidently of a cow-elephant, 

 was once found embedded in the jaw of a bull. There 

 can be little doubt but that this was broken off in an 

 endeavour to repel the advances of a too amorous male, 

 for, as with all animals, pairing is impossible without the 

 consent of the female, and this is never accorded until 

 she is desirous that it should take place. As a preliminary 

 to this, an amorous dalliance is perhaps the invariable 

 rule among animals, and this takes many and often 

 strange forms. The Elephant affords a case in point. 

 For the late A. H. Neumann once came upon a pair which 

 were evidently, as he says, " love-making." Creeping 

 upon them noiselessly, he found the male fondhng his 

 mate with his trunk, and then, standing side by side, 

 they crossed their trunks, and put the tips thereof into 

 each other's mouths, the elephantine form of kissing. 

 Deer, cattle and horses, cats and dogs, constantly lick one 

 another under like circumstances. 



Superficial secondary sexual characters are wanting 

 both in the Hippopotamus and the Camel. Both, how- 

 ever, possess a formidable armature of teeth which are 

 capable of inflicting very severe wounds. In the Hippopo- 

 tamus the canines are of enormous size, and their punish- 

 ing power is further strengthened by the fact that they 

 work in opposition to a pair of similar teeth in the lower 

 jaw ; they cut like a pair of shears, the upper closing upon 



