CONTROVERSY AND PROGRESS. 79 



ning. 1 According to Schouw, whose views were 

 shared by the eminent botanist, Alphonse de Can- 

 dolle, in the earlier portion of his career, there was 

 " a double or multiple origin of species, at least of 

 some species." Professor L. Agassiz, however, went 

 much farther. He asserted not only the multiplic- 

 ity of species, but also denied that there was " any 

 necessary genetic connection among individuals of 

 the same species, or of any original localization more 

 restricted than the area now occupied by the spe- 

 cies." According to this eminent student of nature, 

 all animals and plants have occupied, from the be- 

 ginning, those natural boundaries within which they 

 stand to one another in such harmonious relations. 

 Pines originate in forests, heaths in heaths, grasses in 

 prairies, bees in hives, herrings in shoals, and men in 

 nations. He asserts that " all animals originated in 

 vast numbers indeed, in the average number charac- 

 teristic of their species over the whole of their 

 geographical area, whether its surface be continuous, 

 or disconnected by sea, lakes, rivers, or by differ- 

 ences of level above the sea, etc." 8 Elsewhere he 

 declares: "There are in animals peculiar adaptations 

 which are characteristic of their species, and which 

 cannot be supposed to have arisen from subordinate 

 influences. Those which live in shoals cannot be 

 supposed to have been created in single pairs. 

 Those which are made to be the food of others can- 

 not have been created in the same proportions as 



1(1 Species tot numeramus quot diverse formse in principle 

 sunt create." " Philosophia Botanica," No. 157. 



2 " An Essay on Classification," p. 59. 



