96 EVOLUTION AND DOGMA. 



the nonce are in the majority, aver that both filia- 

 tion and resemblance must be taken into account in 

 any true definition of the term. 



Thus, the illustrious botanist Antoine Laurent de 

 Jussieu, the founder of the "natural system" of 

 botany, which superseded the artificial or sexual 

 system of Linnaeus, defines species as " a succession 

 of individuals entirely alike, which are perpetuated 

 by generation." ' Similar definitions have been 

 given by Lamarck, Cuvier, Johann Mu'ller, Isidore 

 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and others. According to De 

 Quatrefages a " species is a collection of individuals, 

 more or less resembling each other, which may be 

 regarded as having descended from a single primi- 

 tive pair by an uninterrupted and natural succession 

 of families." " Agassiz, however, who, as we have 

 seen, contended that individuals of the same species 

 existing in disconnected geographical areas had in- 

 dependent origins, insisted that we are forced "to 

 remove from the philosophic definition of species 

 the idea of a community of origin, and consequently, 

 also, the idea of a necessary genealogical connec- 

 tion." 3 



To the foregoing I may add the declarations of 

 our eminent American botanist, Professor Asa Gray, 

 who declares : " We still hold that genealogical con- 

 nection, rather than mutual resemblance, is the fun- 



1 In his great work, " Genera Plantarum," Jussieu says of 

 species: " Nunc rectius definitur perennis individuorum similium 

 successio continuata generatione renascentium." 



2l< The Human Species," p. 36. 



3 " Essay on Classification," p. 256. 



