LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Vll 



Figures Page 



40 Plan of farmstead fronting road on west 104 



41 Plan of 160 acre farm 106 



42 Rotation scheme on map of farm 107 



43a Crops of the year on map of farm 108 



43b Plan of Olson farm before reorganization 109 



43c Olson farm as replanned 110 



43d Plan of Harlan farm before reorganization Ill 



43e Harlan farm as replanned 112 



43f Map showing records of 1910 crops 113 



44 Tools used for clearing land 118 



45 Capstan stump puller 119 



46 Use of windlass and "stump hook" or "root plow" 120 



47 Methods of hitching stump pullers 122 



48 Mud boat 128 



49 Low or handy wagon 128 



50 Stone boat 130 



51 Peat hook 130 



52 Burning surface peat in Germany 132 



53 Placing bog shoes on a horse 133 



54 Breaking plow with rolling coulter 136 



55 Breaking plow with standing coulter 136 



56 Common gang plow with breaker bottoms 137 



57 Surveyor's transit 157 



58 20-inch wye level 158 



59 Leveling instrument made of mason's spirit level 159 



60 Mason's level on tripod with sights 160 



61 Homemade leveling instrument 161 



62 Band chain of steel 162 



63 Surveyor's chain folded 163 



64 Surveyor's chain partly folded 163 



65 Surveyor's draw pin 164 



66 Surveyor's alignment rod 164 



67 Surveyor's leveling rod 165 



68 Surveyor's grade stakes 165 



69 Simple plan of mapping to record location of outlet 



drain and branches 166 



70 Portion of a drainage map 167 



71 Map of a drain through pond 168 



72 Map of system of tile drains on 160-acre farm 170 



73 Map showing drainage of a 480-acre farm 171 



74 Common drain tiles 172 



75 Union tiles 172 



76 Collared drain tiles or sewer pipes 173 



77 Branched collared tiles 173 



78 Plat showing elevations on a 40-acre field 174 



79 Contour lines used in planning drains 175 



80 Map of a "section" of level land drained by surface drains 1 76 



81 Blank form used in recording notes of levels 185 



81a Manner of using leveling instrument 186 



