156 FARM DEVELOPMENT 



they should courageously accept the responsibility and 

 try to bring about an adjustment which may reasonably 

 satisfy both parties. Laws encouraging, or almost enforc- 

 ing, arbitration in such matters would be largely useful 

 and should be devised and enacted. A normal public 

 sentiment which would almost force people into arbitra- 

 tion would make for harmony and civilization. 



SURVEYING AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES 



The making of drains is an engineering problem and 

 the theory must precede the practical work. The plan 

 should be carefully devised, that the work, when com- 

 pleted, may be effective. The drains should be so located 

 that they will conduct the water from all portions of the 

 wet areas. They should be placed at the proper depth, 

 and have the proper grades, so that the water will run 

 evenly and be carried rapidly to its destination. The 

 number of drains or branch drains should be sufficient 

 to carry off the surface water. They should be placed 

 at that depth which will effectively improve the soil, 

 but not so deep as to make the construction of the 

 drains too expensive. 



If the system of drainage is very simple and the slope 

 of the land ample to give sufficient fall, the plan may 

 be easily made. In many such cases instruments for 

 measuring and leveling are not necessary. The farmer's 

 knowledge of the land, or even a " bird's-eye " survey 

 may be sufficient. In other cases, the system may be 

 very extensive, the grade very slight, the expense large 

 and the need of accuracy imperative. Here the assist- 

 ance of a competent drainage engineer with his measur- 

 ing and leveling instruments, and his methods of cal- 

 culation should be employed. He should have a 

 practical knowledge of the local rainfall, ability to 

 estimate the flood water which must be taken care of, 



