DRAINAGE 



no repairs or stoppages of any kind 

 during that time. The land is an 

 open black soil with joint clay sub- 

 soil which drains quite readily. The 

 final outlets, as shown, are open 

 ditches leading to the larger water 

 course. After C. G. Elliott. 



Machinery and implements. 

 Much improvement in machinery 

 and implements used in the con- 

 struction of drains is constantly 

 taking place. There are many situ- 

 ations in which machinery cannot 

 be economically employed and hand 

 labor must be resorted to. Thus 

 in peaty lands where roots ob- 

 struct the drainage 

 plow the earth must 

 be thrown out of the 

 open ditch by means 

 of hand tools. Like- 

 wise in lands where 

 stones are encoun 



ABC 



CI 



and in short tJ^J-^^ff^ 



ing measurements of points not 

 far below the line of sight. B, 

 front view of rod closed up. 

 When the rod is closed the 

 figures are read on the front 

 side through the hole in the 



, , disk. Figures show the height 



able Only hand tOOls to which the disk has been 

 * raised to be in the line of 



sight with the eye at the back 

 end of the telescope and with 



ditches where the in- 

 troduction of ma- 

 chinery is not profit- 



Figure 68. A, 

 grade stake to set 

 beside the ditch. B, 

 hub to be driven 

 with its top even 

 with -the surface of 

 the ground beside 

 the tall stake. A, 

 to serve as a con- 

 stant point upon 

 which to rest the 

 leveling rod in cases 

 where great accu- 

 racy is required. 



mti 



*-v-n~vo4- 

 mOSt 



cri1c r\f the horizontal cross-wire. C, 

 SOUS OI 



1 A 

 lands 



now set at the top of the rod, 

 and the adjusting done with 

 e ,1 TV IT the set screw at D. Figures 



OI the Upper MlSSlS- are now read on the side of 

 the upper section at the up- 

 Per end of the lower section 

 of the rod and from top down. 



, , , 



S1OD1 Valley and 

 \ 



other localities, 



machinery, operated by horses or oxen or 



even by steam, may be effectively used. 



