2O2 



FARM DEVELOPMENT 



ditch. 



with a revolving motion, it is removed with a small 

 expenditure of force. Being broken loose so easily, 

 it is not so much crumbled up and the spademan gets out 

 nearly all he has broken loose. The succeeding courses are 

 removed in a similar manner. In case of lower courses, 

 D and E, Figure 94, if the ditch is narrow, there is 



economy of labor in 

 using a spade with a 

 long, narrow blade, tak- 

 ing a deep thin slice or 

 block from the edge of 



Figure 92. Tile hoe for grading bottom of tile the COUrS6,CUt diagonally 



by each previous use of 

 the spade. While apparently a small matter, a trial of this 

 idea will illustrate the wisdom of constantly exercising 

 intelligence in finding easy ways of doing the plain, hard 

 work of the farm. 



In Figure 94, the man A is cutting the sod at either 

 side line of the ditch. B, C, D and E are spading out 

 successive courses of earth, F is grad- 

 ing the bottom of the ditch to a true 

 uniform slant, using the grading staff, 

 H, to keep the bottom of the ditch par- 

 allel with the steel wire stretched at the 

 desired slant at a given distance above 

 the grade. The arm on the grading 

 staff is adjustable to whatever distance 

 the steel wire is placed above the bot- 

 tom desired for .the ditch. I is laying 

 tiles by hand in the bottom of the ditch. 

 At J a branch drain enters the main 

 drain. K is laying tiles with a tile hook, as on a bottom 

 too soft to bear a man's weight. L is filling in several 

 inches of earth over the tiles, tramping it compactly over 

 them. M is filling in the bulk of the earth with a shovel. 



Grading the bottom of the ditch. Making the bottom 



