2IO 



FARM DEVELOPMENT 



This is rather expensive, as the labor is considerable, 

 and several tiles may be broken in the attempt to make 

 the desired fitting. To insure a close joint, broken 

 pieces of tile or stones may be laid or fitted about the 

 rather crude opening. 



Protecting the tiles from the roots of trees. Where 

 the line of drain tile passes under a willow hedge or near 

 other trees the roots of which grow readily in wet 

 ground, there is danger that the roots may enter between 



the ends of the 

 tiles and by 

 branching within 

 the drain close 

 it up so as to 

 stop the flow of 

 water. Bunches 

 of roots thus 

 formed within a 

 tile drain are 

 shown in Figure 

 105. By using 

 sewer tiles with shoulders, and closing the ends with 

 cement, these roots may be kept out. This, of course, 

 is not desired in land needing drainage, since the water 

 could not penetrate into the tiles, and is only necessary 

 to thus protect a length of several rods where a tile drain 

 must carry its _ 

 water past trees. 

 Filling the 

 ditch. In some 

 instances, the 

 hand shovel 



Figure 101. The depth of the ditch having been recorded on 

 the stake at each station, or only in the notes, measurement can 

 be made from the station to a given point above the proposed 

 bottom for the drain, say 7 feet, and a small steel wire, "broom 

 wire," can be stretched between the two stations parallel to the 

 bottom of the ditch. It is then a simple matter to measure down 

 with an L'-shaped measure set to determine the proper depth to 

 grade the bottom of the ditch with a tile hoe. 



IS 



Figure 102. Quiet water in a sag In a drain tile allows sedi- 

 ment to settle there and clog the drain. 



the most practical 

 tool to use in filling the tile ditch. The slush scraper, 

 as shown in Figure 106, may be used to advantage. A 

 chain, 10 or more feet long, is necessary that the team 



