218 



FARM DEVELOPMENT 



until the farmer can afford a broader open ditch ; or 

 still better, a tile drain. In making ditches with the 



capstan ditching plow, 

 care should be used to 

 have the grade uniform 

 so that the water will 

 run with equal rapidity 

 throughout the vartous 

 parts of the drain, as 

 this insures more rapid 

 removal of the water 

 and it also prevents the 



excessive washing 

 piKuivert 1 . 1 ' Outlet to tile draln or to e&rttl * n which is apt to occur 



at points of the steepest 



grades. Wherever washing occurs, there is a certain 

 amount of debris cut loose from the bank, and this debris 

 and other debris 

 washed in from sur- 

 rounding land is car- 

 ried forward and 

 deposited in the bottom 

 of the ditch further on 

 and eventually fills it. 



The slush scraper is 

 also useful in opening 

 out large drains and in 

 filling tile drains. 



The Fresno scraper 

 is a modified form of 

 the drag scraper much 



USed in the Western Figure n2 outlet to drain protected by masonry. 



states. It can be ad- 

 justed to shaving off a thin layer of earth and to dis- 

 tributing in a thin layer. It has a great advantage over 

 the slush scraper in moving earth down grade, because 



