DRAINAGE 



219 



more than enough to fill the scraper can be shoved 

 forward. It is made in two and four-horse sizes, and 

 should be rapidly introduced. 



The wheel scraper is an improved form of the scraper 

 mounted on wheels, and is adapted to work where the 

 earth must be drawn longer distances than will warrant 

 the economical use of the slush or the Fresno scraper. 



The common field plow and the heavy road grading 

 plow are sometimes used in opening out the first portion 

 of small drains and loosening the earth in large ditches 



Figure 113. Outlet which of necessity opens under the surface of a stream or pond, 

 thus endangering the tiles from splitting by freezing, when filled with water. A few 

 rods of the drain next to the outlet might better be made of oak boards nailed 

 together so as to form a square box. 



where other machinery or even spades are used to take 

 up the loosened earth. 



The reversible road machine has come to be recog- 

 nized as a very important implement in making open 

 drains. With this machine, broad, flat drains can be 

 made which will carry large volumes of water and which 

 can easily be cleaned out by using the same machine. 

 In many cases crops can be grown over the banks and 

 within the broad flat ditches, thus making the drain 

 useful for removing the flood water without seriously 

 injuring the area useful for the common crops of the 

 field. In other cases, these broad, flat drains may be 

 sown to permanent grass and mowed two or more times 

 annually. This insures a ditch free from debris and 



