ROADS AND BRIDGES 295 



limits in different parts of the country, would also have to be 

 added. Third: The cost of hauling materials would in many 

 cases be from 5 to 8 cents more per cubic yard than was charged 

 at Springfield, and the length of haul might be greater or less. 

 Fourth: If material is brought in by rail or boat the cost of 

 transportation per cubic yard should be added. Fifth: The cost 

 of spreading stone, given above, was much higher than it should 

 be on account of the fact that hand labor was employed. For 

 spreading screenings by hand the cost should be about 16 cents 

 per cubic yard, as given; but stone and gravel can be spread with 

 automatic carts or road graders, and leveled by hand for from 2 to 

 5 cents per cubic yard. Sixth : Cost of rolling, given above, is low 

 on account of the fact that the material was very readily com- 

 pacted. The cost for rolling stone varies in different places from 

 IS to 30 cents per cubic yard, averaging about 25 cents, which is 

 equivalent to 6 cents per square yard for a 9-inch road. 



COST OF SAND- CLAY ROADS 



It is, of course, impossible to state definitely the cost of this 

 form of construction, as it will be found to vary with the price of 

 labor, the length of haul, the width of roadway and depth of 

 material. If we assume, however, that the clay can be procured 

 within a mile of the sandy roadway which is to be improved, and 

 that the cost of labor is about $1 and teams $3 per day, the cost 

 of constructing a twelve-foot sand-clay roadway on a sand founda- 

 tion, covered with clay to an average depth of 6 inches, would be 

 approximately as follows: 



Cost per 

 mile 



Crowning and shaping road with road machine, estimated 

 on basis of two teams for one day at $3, and one 

 operator at $1.50 $7.50 



Hauling clay, 1760 cubic yards, at 25 cents 440.00 



Spreading clay with road machine, estimated on basis for 

 three days, two teams at $3 per day, and operator 

 at $1.50 per day 22.50 



Shoveling sand on clay, estimated on basis of cent per 



square yard 35.20 



Plowing, estimated on basis of four days for one team 



at $3 per day 12.00 



Harrowing, estimated on basis of two days for one team 



at $3 6 .00 



Shaping and dressing with road machine, estimated on 

 basis of two days, two teams, at $3, and expert 

 operator at $1 .50 per day 1 5 . 00 



Rolling, estimated at J cent per square yard 35 . 20 



Total . $573.40 



