ROADS AND BRIDGES 



309 



tile drain on only one side of the roadway in case of a 

 springy hillside where the tile drain intercepts the water 

 and prevents it flowing under the grade. 



Often those in charge of roadways can enter into 

 voluntary co-operation with farm owners to make a 

 drainage canal which will at once drain the roadbed and 

 adjacent fields. Thus an open, or a tile drain, through 

 a low area, as A to B, Figure 195, will be a practical 

 way to drain the low areas on the adjoining farms, and 

 at the same time lower the water so that the road grade 

 through the low area, C, E, need not be built so high 

 to have its surface well drained. By co-operating in 

 the expenditure, the net profit to the four farmers and to 

 the public is greatly in- 

 creased over that of 

 building a high grade 

 from C to E by the public 

 and making a drain by 

 the farmers unaided by 

 the public fund. As was 

 mentioned under the sub- 

 ject of drainage, the public, as represented by road of- 

 ficials, should deal liberally with owners of adjacent wet 

 lands in co-operating and making drains needed to drain 

 the road as well as to drain the fields, and our laws 



should be so constructed 

 as to encourage the co-op- 

 eration of the public and 

 interested private parties. 

 Thus, in Figure 195, is 

 shown a broad marsh 

 which needs draining. The 

 road must either have the 



water level lowered by means of drainage or it must be 

 built up rather high. If the land is peaty, a high and 

 expensive road will be necessary, as in Figure 197, and 



Figure 188. Uphill grade along the side of 

 a hill. There being no ditch at A, the water 

 from above, B, flows on the center of the road 

 and following the wheel tracks washes gutters, 

 C, C. 



Figure 189. The same road as in Figure 

 188, but here a paved ditch at A collects 

 the water and prevents its washing over the 

 surface, C, which is thus kept dry. 



