3 io 



FARM DEVELOPMENT 



the weight in the heavy grade may compress the peat, 

 requiring an unnecessary amount of heavy earth to keep 

 the crown of the road above standing water. If the water 

 is lowered below the surface by means of suitable ditches, 

 a thinner layer of clay covered with gravel will make a 

 good roadbed. Private individuals who contemplate sys- 

 tems of farm drainage which might have a connection 



with the drainage of ad- 

 jacent roadways should 

 take into consideration the 

 needs of the roads. Where 

 it is practicable, they 

 should confer with officials 

 responsible for planning 

 and constructing roads, 

 that together they may de- 

 vise a plan mutually useful 

 to the landowner and the 

 public. Here, again, we 

 see the need of a trained 

 official who is responsible 

 for planning roads and to 



whom private individuals may go with plans for co- 

 operative enterprises in which the public is interested. 

 In very many cases, where 

 the road needs an under- 

 drain which must eventu- 

 ally be placed, the only 

 practical outlet is through 



the tile drains in the nearly level fields adjoining. If the 

 farmer completes his drains without considering the 

 needs of the roadway, the tiles he uses and the grades he 

 provides in his tile drains may not be adapted to carrying 

 the additional water necessary to drain the roadway. 

 It is plain that the farmer is not bound to make his drains 

 so that the public may drain the road through them, 



Figure 190. The water in the ditch. A, 

 Figure 189, accumulates to a large volume 

 on long hills and should be carried across 

 the crown of the road', as at X, Y, and dis- 

 charged on the lower side, where it can 

 escape over the surface or be carried off 

 in a ditch. The grade across from X to 

 Y must be lower than the grade down the 

 hill. A drain tile, as at M, to carry water 

 under the crown of the road, is often 

 much better than the "thank-you-ma'am," 

 X, Y. 



Figure 191. Culvert on hillside road with 

 protected masonry at ends. 



