ROADS AND BRIDGES 



311 



Figure 192. Drain tiles laid under the 



middle of the roadway . 



but the public should co-operate with him, paying such 

 portion of the necessary expenses as is equitable and fair. 

 Without someone to look ahead and plan the roads for 

 permanent structures such matters do not receive atten- 

 tion, and no county official better earns his salary than 

 the competent county engineer. 



Grade formation. The immense expense of making 

 cuts and fills so as to make our public highways more 

 nearly level, and the turnpiking of roads on nearly level 

 lands so as to slightly ele- 

 vate the crown of the road 

 and to provide surface 

 ditches on each side, is an 

 enormous undertaking, be- 

 cause of the exceeding great 



length of roads. With the new impulse for more 

 thoroughgoing road work this part of the road work 



of America will be carried 

 forward with much energy, 

 and while the plans are not 

 always sufficiently well 

 out so that the 

 grades will not need to be remade, the work in general 

 will move along with rapidity. Since distance is such a 

 large element of cost in 

 moving road material, it is 

 often economy to purchase 

 material from private own- 

 ers near by. In other cases 

 the requirements of the 



lo\xr^t* T^Q t"f~ r\T "f n A en fro r*i n cf ITifjurG 194. Drftin tilo tised to intercept 



m S water on upper side of roadway on a springy 



of the roadbed may be such hillside - 



that it is desirable to have a layer of open, pervious 

 material just beneath the surfacing. This is especially 

 important where the crown of the road is but slightly 

 elevated above the ground water, and where the mate- 



Figure 193. Line of drain tile, laid 1 to 

 3 feet deep, under each side of roadway. worked 



