320 



FARM DEVELOPMENT 



Figure 205. Earth as left by the elevating 

 grader in two ridges on a wide road where 

 the belt is not long enough to carry it to the 

 center. By means of the reversible machine 

 these ridges are easily distributed along the 

 sides and in the center, making a rounded 

 crown as shown by the curved line. 



or the Fresno scraper may often be used economically. 

 Where the material is to be moved 10 to 20 rods, the 

 wheel scraper serves a most excellent purpose. Where 

 material must be drawn much more than 20 rods, 

 wagons or carts, filled by shovel or spade or with a 

 dump upon which the earth is drawn by scrapers, are 



to be preferred. Where 

 the amount of earth to be 

 handled is large, and the 

 distance long, dump cars 

 on a narrow, movable iron 

 track are more econom- 

 ical than wagons. Loaded 

 cars may often be run by 

 gravitation from the cut 

 to the fill, a team being used to draw the emptied train 

 back to the pit. By means of side switches or double 

 tracks two or more trains can be operated at once. In 

 some cases the wire cable may serve as a track for carry- 

 ing iron hanging barrows 

 full of earth across places 

 where it is not practicable 

 to use wagons nor to 

 build a track for dump 

 cars. 



Placing the materials 

 of the grade. For the 

 bulk of a heavy grade 



any solid earthy material will serve the purpose, unless 

 it be quicksand, which will not stand up. In some in- 

 stances earth which will not be washed out by rain and 

 is adapted to supporting grass with a strong sod, should 

 be placed on the outer slanting edge of the grade. But 

 there is much room for choice in selecting the material 

 for the upper layer of the subsurface and for the material 

 of the surface of the roadbed. Materials from the cut 



Figure 206. Earth as left by the elevating 

 grader in one ridge on a narrow road. The 

 dotted line shows the curve over the crown 

 after the reversible machine has been used to 

 finish the surface. 



