FENCES 365 



are needed. Stronger fences are required for keeping 

 animals closely confined than for keeping them on a 

 larger range. Barbed wire is objectionable for the pad- 

 dock fences, because in the small lots where many 

 animals may be confined there is danger of the younger, 

 weaker or more timid animals being crowded into the 

 fence and injured. Until recently the problem of pad- 

 dock fences was a hard one, but the advent of heavy 

 woven wire offers a complete and satisfactory solution. 

 Ribbons made of wire of medium weight, and of light 

 poultry wire, may be purchased nowadays at very rea- 

 sonable prices. It is not wise to use wire of too small 

 a diameter in paddock fences, or even for poultry yards, 

 because small wires sooner rust so as to break. Properly 

 galvanized wire is more durable than painted wire. 

 Heavy woven wire ribbons are sold which will not easily 

 be rubbed down by strong cattle when closely confined. 



Fences made by nailing boards horizontally on posts, 

 or running stringers on the posts and nailing on the 

 boards in a vertical position, are expensive and not very 

 durable. However, if no other protection from winds 

 can be afforded in a yard, the tight board fence has an 

 important use. In stony sections the exposed side of 

 the lot may be protected by a stone wall. Such walls are 

 much more satisfactory if they are built up with mortar, 

 but a very good wall may be built without mortar if the 

 base stones are well laid and the wall built high enough 

 to keep the animals from knocking off the top stones. 



Woven wire for paddock fences should not only be 

 higher and heavier than that used for field fences, but 

 the horizontal and vertical wires should both be woven 

 closely together. A good plan is to have the strands 

 woven the same as poultry fence, only using heavier 

 material. Strong, durable posts should be firmly set not 

 over 16 feet apart, and great care must be exercised to get 

 the corner and gate posts securely anchored and braced. 



