THE EXTERNAL "EAR. 437 



front of the helix. By its lower end it is attached to the point 

 of cartilage on the front of the helix, and i(s other extremity ex- 

 tends to the top of the latter. 



2. The Helicis Minor is a small square fasciculus, also or>the 

 front of the helix, between the folded margin of the latter and 

 the inferior half of the helicis major. 



3. The Tragicus is a square fasciculus, on the front surface 

 of the tragus, near its margin: its upper extremity sometimes 

 runs into the helicis major. 



4. The Antitragicus is a small oblong fasciculus, which 

 arises from the upper extremity of the antitragus, and going 

 upwards it is inserted into the inferior extresnity of the anti- 

 helix. 



5. The Transversus Auriculas is on the internal surface of the 

 pinna. It arises from the prominence of the concha, and is in- 

 serted into the hollow dorsum of the antihelix. 



There are some other muscles which may be uniformly found, 

 and are intended to move the external ear upon the side of the 

 head, though from the want of exercise there are very few in- 

 dividuals capable of making them contract. They are as fol- 

 lows : 



1. The Attollens Auriculae is placed on the side of the head 

 beneath the integuments: it is a broad, thin, and somewhat tri- 

 angular muscle, which arises from the inferior margin of the 

 tendon of the occipito-frontalis, and from the temporal aponeu- 

 rosis. It becomes narrower in its descent, and is inserted ten- 

 dinous into the upper end of the pinna by the elevation corre- 

 sponding with the scapha. 



Its name implies its action to be that of raising the pinna. 



2. The Retrahens Auriculae, consists in two or three oblong 

 fasciculi, placed parallel, and one above the other. It arises 

 from the mastoid portion of the temporal bone, above the mas* 



38* 



