374 CHOLAGOGUES. [BOOK II. 



and Paschkis 1 and Nissen 2 experimenting on dogs with biliary fistulse 

 obtained negative results with all cholagogues, the bile alone eoccepted. 

 Besides Nissen, Mandelstamm 3 , Miiller 4 , Loewenton 5 and Glass 6 have, 

 in Dorpat under E. Stadelmann's direction, determined the action of 

 various medicinal agents on the biliary secretion of dogs with com- 

 plete fistulas and consuming a constant quantity of water and solid 

 food. Their results are opposed to those of Rutherford and tend to 

 negative the existence of any drugs exerting an action as hepatic 

 stimulants. All these negative results notwithstanding, we 7 are not 

 of the opinion that the experiments of Rohrig and of Rutherford are 

 necessarily incorrect, because investigations performed by a different 

 method have led to contradictory results. It has already been pointed 

 out that all facts combine to prove the existence of the so-called 

 circulation of the bile and it therefore follows that a man or an 

 animal from whose alimentary canal all bile is diverted, by means of 

 a biliary fistula, is so far removed from the normal condition that 

 pharmacological experiments of the nature of those we are discussing 

 cannot be held to be quite conclusive. 



In the present condition of the question, it appears to the Author 

 to be desirable that a renewed investigation of the subject be carried 

 out, with the aid of dogs with Schiif s amphibolic biliary fistula. The 

 results obtained in this way would be free from most of the objec- 

 tions which can be advanced against observations carried out either 

 by the method of Rohrig and of Rutherford, or on dogs or human 

 beings with permanent fistula of the ordinary kind. 



SECT. 4. THE ELIMINATION OF MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS 



AGENTS IN THE BlLE. 



It was Orfila, the founder of modern toxicology, who directed 

 attention to the fact that the majority of metallic poisons are taken 



1 H. Paschkis, 'Ueber Cholagoga.' Med. Jahrbilcher, 1884, p. 159. Quoted by 

 Neumeister. 



2 W. Nissen, ' Experimentelle Untersuchungeii iiber den Einfluss von Alkalien auf 

 Sekretion und Zusammensetzung der Galle.' Dorpat, Diss. Inaug. 1889. Maly's 

 Jahresbericht, 1890, p. 280. 



3 Mandelstamm, 'Ueber den Einfluss einiger Arzneimittel auf Secretion und Zusam- 

 mensetzung der Galle.' Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1890. 



4 Miiller, * Ueber den Einfluss einiger pharmakologischer Mittel auf Secretion und 

 Zusammensetzung der Galle.' Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1890. 



5 A. Loewenton, 'Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber den Einfluss einiger Abfiihr- 

 mittel und der Clysmata auf Secretion und Zusammensetzung der Galle, sowie deren 

 Wirkung bei Gallenabwesenheit im Darme.' Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1891. 



6 J. Glass, 'Ueber den Einfluss einiger Natronsalze auf Secretion und Alkalien- 

 gehalt der Galle.' Inaug. Diss. Dorpat, 1892, and Archiv f. exp. Path. u. Pharmak. 

 Vol. xxx. (1892), pp. 241274. 



7 'Aeltere Beobachter, wie Kohrig und Eutherford, scheinen sich in dieser 

 Beziehung getauscht zu haben. Aus einer Keihe neuerer Untersuchungen hat sich 

 ergeben, dass sogenannte Cholagoga nicht existiren, wenn man nicht gewisse Gallen- 

 bestandtheile selbst als solche bezeichnen will.' Neumeister, Lehrbuch der phys. 

 Chemie. Jena, 1893, p. 155. 



