0141G31 



of Dorn et al . (1974) in Missouri revealed seasonal variation of 

 cadmium concentrations in cattle hair. Elevated levels of cadmium 

 in hair have been detected in animals exposed to dust from lead 

 ore trucks and smelter emissions. Wright et al. (1977) found a 

 good correlation between cadmium in cattle hair and cadmium (as 

 cadminate) in feed for the range of to 500 ppm. These authors 

 found subclinical toxicosis associated with 15 to 21 ppm cadmium 

 in hair resulted in reproduction problems (abnormal or dead 

 calves). Lewis (1972) found an association between cadmium levels 

 in horse mane hair with distance from a primary lead smelter. 

 Diets containing 5 to 60 ppm cadmium did not produce any signifi- 

 cant differences in cadmium levels found in sheep wool (Doyle et 

 al. 1974). Combs et al . (1983) found cadmium in rat and goat hair 

 was not significantly correlated to dietary cadmium at levels up 

 to 15.9 and 18.5 mg/kg. 



Typical background concentrations of cadmium in the urine of 

 livestock are less than 0.15 ppm for cattle (Wright et al. 1977) 

 0.0003 to 0.0213 ppm for horses (Elinder et al . 1981) and 0.01 to 

 0.03 ppm for sheep (Wright et al. 1977). Urinary excretion of 

 cadmium does not appear to increase significantly in animals until 

 proteinuria occurs, at which time cadmium excretion increases 

 dramatically (Friberg 1952). Thus, increased urinary cadmium is 

 an indication of kidney damage probably caused by the metal and 

 does not indicate the extent of subclinical cadmium exposure. 

 However, Roels et al. (1981) found a significant relationship 

 between the total body burden of cadmium and urine cadmium levels 

 in humans that lacked any renal dysfunction. Background cadmium 

 concentrations in livestock blood are 0.005 to <0.05, <0.006 to 

 0.012 and 0.003 to 0-.17 for cattle, horses, and .sheep respectively 

 (Penumarthy et al . 1980, Powell et al . 1964, Doyle et al . 1974, 

 Mills and Dalgarno 1972). Roels et al. (1981) found a relation- 

 ship between blood cadmium levels and total body burden but the 

 correlation coefficient was 0.45. Doyle et al. (1972) reported 

 increased blood cadmium when lambs were fed a diet containing 60 

 ppm; no significant blood effects were observed at lower dietary 

 levels. Osuna et al . (1981) found no significant increase in the 



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