444 



ORDERS OF MAMMALIA. 



No Elephant has as yet been discovered in the Miocene 

 deposits of Europe, but six species are known from strata of 

 this age in India. In the Pliocene period, Europe possessed 

 its Elephants, of which the most important is the Elephas 

 antiquus (fig. 362). This is essentially a southern form, and 

 is found in Pliocene strata in France and Italy. It survived 

 the Glacial period, and is found abundantly in various Post- 

 Pliocene deposits. It abounded in Post-Pliocene times chiefly 

 in Southern Europe, south of the Alps and Pyrenees ; and it is 

 only on the northern edge of this area that its remains are 

 found commingled with those of the Mammoth. 



Fig. 361. Molar tooth of Elephas meridionalis, one-third of natural size. 

 Pliocene and Post-Pliocene. (After Lyell.) 



Fig. 362. Molar tooth of Elephas antiquus. Penultimate molar, one-third 01 

 natural size. Post-Pliocene and Pliocene. (After Lyell.) 



Of the Post-Pliocene Elephants by far the best-known and 

 most important is the Mammoth (Elephas primigenius}. This 

 remarkable form (fig. 363) was essentially northern in its dis- 

 tribution, never passing south of a line drawn through the 

 Pyrenees, the Alps, the northern shores of the Caspian, Lake 

 Baikal, Kamschatka, and the Stanovi Mountains (Dawkins). 

 It occurs in the prae-Glacial forest-bed of Cromer in Norfolk, 

 survived the Glacial period, and is found abundantly in Post- 

 Glacial deposits in France, Germany, Britain, Russia in Europe, 

 Asia, and North America, being often associated with the Rein- 



