CHEIROPTERA. 



461 



of the hand, the pollex, and sometimes the next finger as well, 

 are unguiculate, or furnished with claws ; but the other digits 

 are destitute of nails. In the hind-limbs all the toes are un- 

 guiculate, and the hallux is not in any respect different from 

 the other digits. Well-developed clavicles are always present, 

 and the radius has no power of rotation upon the ulna. The 

 mammary glands are two in number, and are placed upon the 

 chest. There are teeth of three kinds, and the canines are 

 always well developed. The molars are tuberculate or grooved 

 in the frugivorous forms, and cuspidate in the insectivorous 

 species. The ulna is sometimes quite rudimentary. The 

 bones are not pneumatic. 



Fig- 373. Skeleton of Fox-bat (Pteropus) after Owen. 



The living Bats are divided into the two groups of the 

 Frugivorous Bats, comprising the single family of the Pteropidcz 

 (Fox-bats or Roussettes), and the Insectivorous Bats, com- 

 prising the three families of the Vespertilionidce, the Rhinolo- 

 phidos (Horse-shoe Bats), and the Phyllostomida (Vampire 

 Bats). The Cheiroptera are represented for the first time in 

 the Eocene Tertiary of Europe, and that by a form very 

 similar to the existing European Bats. The fossil in question 

 is the Vespertilio Parisiensis (fig. 374) of the Gypseous series 

 of Montmartre (Upper Eocene). Other species of small In- 



