246 ADAM SMITH. 



breaks forth constantly in the course of the book, but 

 it is especially to be observed in such passages as that 

 of Book iv., chap, ii., (Vol. II., p. 307) ; Book iv., 

 chap, vii., (II., 441) ; Book iv., chap, viii., (IL, 489*). 

 He carries his prejudice even further ; he regards manu- 

 facturing industry as wholly unfavourable to both the 

 acquisition of knowledge, the enlargement of the mind, 

 and even the enjoyment of health. 



Part II. The remaining part of this fourth book is 

 devoted to a full explanation of the agricultural system, 

 that is, the theory of the French Economists, and to 

 remarks tending to show how erroneously it deals with 

 the classification of labour and profits, when it repre- 

 sents employment of labour or of capital in agriculture 

 as alone productive. The subject has already been so 

 fully discussed, both in the foregoing analysis and in 

 the Appendix, that nothing remains to be added in 

 this place. 



V. We are thus brought to the fifth and last book 

 of Dr. Smith's work, in which he examines the impor- 

 tant subject of the Public Revenue, or that portion of 

 the revenue of individuals which is allotted to the Ex- 

 penses of the State. This subject is treated in three 

 subdivisions : the expenses of the commonwealth ; the 

 sources of the public revenue ; public debts. 



* " The member of parliament who supports even' proposal for streng- 

 thening their monopoly, is sure to acquire not only the reputation of under- 

 standing trade but great popularity. If he opposes them, on the contrary, 

 and still more if he has authority enough to be able to thwart them, nei- 

 ther the most acknowledged probity or the highest rank, nor the greatest 

 public sendees, can protect him from the most infamous abuse and detrac- 

 tion, from personal insults, nay, sometimes from real danger from the in- 

 solent outrage of furious and disappointed monopolists." (II. 206.) " Our 

 great master-manufacturers are as intent to keep down the wages of their 

 own weavers, or the earnings of the poor spinners, and it is by no means 

 for the benefit of the workman that they endeavour either to raise the price 

 of the complete work, or to lower that of the ruder material. It is the 

 industry which is carried on for the benefit of the rich and powerful thai 

 is principally encouraged by our mercantile system, that which is carried 

 on for the benefit of the poor and the indigent is too often either neglected 

 or oppressed." (II. 489.) 



