ISO THE LIVING WORLD. 



been so much confusion and disagreement in the 

 attempts to place man in the scheme of classifica- 

 tion. Relying upon his bodily structure, he is un- 

 doubtedly to be placed with the higher primates, 

 and he is therefore ranked with the apes in all 

 schemes of natural classifications. But he differs 

 from all other animals in having as his essential 

 character the development of a new side of his 

 nature which is not primarily anatomical. When in 

 the pre-Tertiary times certain of the vertebrates 

 acquired a new character connected with the repro- 

 ductive system, there soon arose a type of animals 

 which we call mammals. Now classification is al- 

 ways based on structure, and we therefore call this 

 new group of animals a new class, because of their 

 new anatomical character and from the fact that 

 connected with it were other changes in anatomy 

 which radically modified the type of animal. When, 

 however, the final race acquired his new character of 

 mental development, we do not regard the resulting 

 animal as a new class, for in this case the new de- 

 parture did not involve any great changes in 

 anatomical type. We can therefore readily sympa- 

 thize with both classes of naturalists, one of which 

 regards man as a species of the ape family, while 

 the other recognizes three kingdoms animals, 

 plant, and man. Either extreme of classification is 

 perhaps more justified than an intermediate position. 



Divergence of Character Marks the Development of 

 Animals. 



With the appearance of man there is the begin- 

 ning of a new law in nature, and one of great sig- 



