PAPAVERACE/E. I. PAPAVER. 



131 



natifid ; lobes cut, lobules each terminated by a bristle. Q. H. 

 Native of Armenia. Ker. bot. reg. t. 134. P. virgatum, Smith, 

 in Rees' cycl. no. 9. Plant glaucous and hispid with spreading, 

 stiff, bristle-like, yellowish hairs, branching. A splendid branch- 

 ing species, with numerous red flowers. Stigmas 5-6. 



Abundant-flowered Poppy. Fl. Ju. Jul. Clt. 1815. PI. 1 ft. 



FIG. 38. 



16 P. HO'RRIDUM (D. C. syst. 

 2. p. 79.) capsules smooth, elliptic; 

 sepals hispid ; stem few-flowered, 

 hispid with stiff bristles ; leaves 

 somewhat stem-clasping, glaucous, 

 sinuately pinnatifid; lobules bristly 

 at the top of the nerves. O- H. 

 Native of New Holland. Deless. 

 icon. sel. 2. t. 6. Sweet, fl. gard. 

 t. 173. Like P. setigerum. Flower 

 of a brick-colour. The whole plant 

 is covered with bristles except the 

 capsules. Stigma 8-rayed. 



Horrid or New Holland Poppy. 

 Fl.Ju. Jul. Clt. 1825. PL 1ft. 



17 P. GARIEPI'NUM (Burch, cat. 

 geogr. pi. afri. austr. no. 1633.) 



capsules smooth, obovate-oblong ; sepals bristly ; stem many- 

 flowered, rough, with innumerable bristles ; leaves sessile, hispid, 

 sinuately-pinnatifid ; lobes distant, ovate. Q. H. Native of 

 South Africa at the river Gariep or Orange-river. Like P. hor- 

 ridum. Petals of a scarlet-orange colour. Stigmas 8-rayed. 

 River Gariep Poppy. Fl. Jul. Aug. PI. 3-4 feet. 



18 P. ORIENTA'LE (Lin. spec. 727.) capsules smooth, some- 

 what globose ; sepals pilose ; stem 1 -flowered, scabrous, and 

 leafy ; leaves pinnate-parted, hispid ; lobes oblong, serrated. 

 11 . H. Native of Armenia about Erzerum. Curt. bot. mag. t. 

 57. P. grandiflorum, Mcench. meth. 247. P. spectabile, Sal. 

 prod. 377. This beautiful plant is very frequent in gardens, 

 where it is a great ornament. Flowers large, one on each stem, 

 of an intense scarlet or blood-colour, usually furnished with a 

 dark-purple mark at the bottom of each petal. A double 

 flowering variety is sometimes seen in the gardens. Calyx ge- 

 nerally of 3 sepals as in Argentine, not as in the rest of Papaver, 

 of 2 sepals. Stigmas usually 12, violet. The green heads of 

 this plant are eaten by the Turks, although they possess an un- 

 pleasant, acrid, and somewhat stinging taste. This may probably 

 be the species that yields the Turkey opium ? 



Oriented Poppy. Fl. May, June. Clt. 1714. PI. 2-3 feet. 



19 P. BRACTEA'TUM (Lindl. coll. t. 23.) flowers furnished 

 with bracteas, 4-5 petalled ; capsules smooth, obovate ; sepals 

 pilose ; stem simple, 1 -flowered, scabrous and leafy ; leaves and 

 bracteas pinnate-parted, hispid ; lobes oblong, serrated. If. . H. 

 Native of Caucasus near Mount Beschtau, and on the sides 

 of mountains. Very like P. orientale, but truly distinct, from 

 the hairs of the calyx and peduncles being appressed, not spread- 

 ing, also from its flowering a little earlier. Ker. bot. reg. t. 658. 

 P. pulcherrimum, Fisch. in litt. Sepals usually 3, as in P. 

 orientale. This is the most splendid of all the poppies, and is 

 one of the greatest ornaments of borders when in flower. Flowers 

 large, scarlet, one on the top of each stem, usually with a dark 

 mark at the bottom of each petal ; stigmas 12-16, violet. 



Bracteate-fiowered Poppy. Fl. May, June. Clt. 1817. PL 

 3 to 5 feet. 



20 P. PILOSUM (Smith, fl. graec. t. 492.) capsules smooth, 

 obovate ; sepals pilose ; stem many-flowered, hairy, with spread- 

 ing pili ; leaves stem-clasping, cut, pilose on both surfaces. 

 "%.. H. Native of Bithynia on Mount Olympus. Plant about 

 the size of P. somniferwn, but pale green, not glaucous, also the 

 flowers are about the same size, of a pale lurid-scarlet, or of an 



intense orange colour, with a white mark at the bottom of each 

 petal. Stigmas 6-8. 



Pilose Poppy. Fl. July. PI. 2 to 3 feet. 



21 P. SETIGERUM (D. C. fl. fr. 5. p. 585.) capsules smooth, 

 obovate ; sepals rather setose ; stem smooth, few-flowered ; 

 leaves stem-clasping, glaucous, inciso-repand, each tooth termi- 

 nated by a bristle. Q. H. Native of the Stoschades Islands. 

 Deless. icon. sel. 2. t. 7. Sweet, fl. gard. t. 172. Perhaps this is 

 only the wild plant of P. somniferwn, var. nigrum, which it very 

 much resembles. Flowers of a violet colour or whitish. Stig- 

 mas 6-8-rayed. 



Bristle-bearing Poppy. Fl. May, Aug. Clt. 1824. PI. 1 to 2 ft. 



22 P. SOMNI FERUM (Lin. spec. 736.) capsules obovate or 

 globose, and are as well as the calyx smooth ; stem smooth, 

 glaucous ; leaves stem-clasping, repand- toothed ; teeth bluntish. 

 O- H. Native of the Morea, Egypt, Asia, Europe from Por- 

 tugal to Petersburgh, in fields, Japan, Mauritius, &c. &c. Lam. 

 ill. t. 451. Smith, fl. graec. t. 491. 



Var. a, nigrum (D. C. syst. 2. p. 82. prod. 1. p. 120.) cap- 

 sules globose opening by holes under the stigmas ; seeds black ; 

 peduncles many. Bull. herb. t. 57. Petals usually purple, 

 sometimes white, and therefore it is perhaps referable to the 

 oleiferous plant called (Eilette. The seed of this variety is 

 commonly called Maw-seed. 



Var. fi, album (D. C. 1. c.) capsules ovate-globose, not opening 

 by holes under the stigmas ; peduncles solitary ; seeds and 

 petals white. Woodv. med. bot. t. 185. Smith, engl. bot. 2145. 



A very variable plant about 3 or 4 feet high, very common in 

 fields and gardens. The flowers are either single, semi-double 

 or double, in variety /3, white or red, with petals sometimes 

 fringed, in variety a, purple, rose, or lilac, variegated and edged 

 with the same colours, never blue nor yellow, nor mixed with 

 these colours, generally with a black or purple mark at the bottom 

 of each petal. Petals either entire, toothed, or fringed. Seeds 

 black in the plants with purple flowers, white in those with white 

 flowers, but the plant which grows spontaneous about Peters- 

 burgh has white flowers and black seeds. From the white- 

 seeded variety, and probably from both, opium is obtained from 

 the heads by incision and sometimes by expression. There is 

 also an esculent oil obtained from the seeds of both varieties by 

 expression. According to Linnaeus a capsule of Papaver som- 

 niferum contained 32,000 seeds. 



Papaver Somriiferum is originally a native of the warmer parts 

 of Asia, but is sometimes found apparently wild in Britain. It is 

 often cultivated in gardens for the variety and beauty of its 

 blossoms as well as for its seeds. Many attempts have been 

 made in this country to obtain opium from its capsules, and 

 Mr. Ball obtained a premium from the Society of Arts for spe- 

 cimens of British opium, in no respect inferior to the best eastern 

 opium. Mr. Young, a respectable surgeon in Edinburgh, has 

 also obtained it of excellent quality and in considerable quantity. 

 But we apprehend the climate, besides the destruction by insects, 

 is an insuperable obstacle to its becoming a profitable branch of 

 horticulture in Britain. It was very early cultivated in Greece, 

 perhaps at first solely for the sake of its seed, which was used as 

 food. It is extensively cultivated in most of the states of Europe 

 in the present age, not only on account of the opium, for which it 

 is reared in Turkey, Persia, and India, but also on account of 

 the capsules and of the bland oil obtained from the seeds. All 

 the parts of the poppy abound in a narcotic milky juice, which 

 is partially extracted, together with a considerable quantity of 

 mucilage by decoction. The liquor is strongly pressed out, 

 suffered to settle, clarified with white of eggs and evaporated to 

 a due consistence, yields about one-fifth or one-sixth of the weight 

 of the heads of extract, which possesses the virtues of opium in 

 a very inferior degree, and does not come to this country unless 

 S 2 



