32 



RHAMNEJE. VIII. RHAMNUS. 



about the size of a pea, sometimes twin. Very like R . cathdr- 

 ticus, but without thorns. The wood is red, and is called sandal 

 wood by the Russians. 



Dahurian Buck-thorn. Fl. May, Ju. Clt. 1817. Shrub 5 feet. 



29 R. ALNIFOLIUS (Lher. sert. p. 5.) erect ; leaves obovate or 

 ovate, serrulated, obliquely-lined, with lateral nerves, acuminat- 

 ed or obtuse, smoothish beneath, except the nerves ; flowers 

 hermaphrodite or dioecious ; pedicels 1-flowered, aggregate ; 

 calyxes acute; fruit turbinate. Tj . H. Native of North Ame- 

 rica. 



Alder-leaved Buck-thorn. Fl. Ju. July. Clt. 1778. Sh. 8 feet. 



30 R. FRANGULOIDES (Michx. fl. bor. amer. 1. p. 153.) 

 leaves oval, serrated, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; flowers 

 hermaphrodite; pedicels 1-flowered. fj . H. Native of North 

 America, from Canada to Carolina, on dry hills, near rivers. 

 Flowers green. Berries black. Leaves small. 



I'rangula-like Buck-thorn. Fl.Ju. Jul. Clt. 1810. Sh. 8 feet. 



31 R. PURSHIA'NUS (D. C. prod. 2. p. 25.) erect; leaves 

 oval, toothletted, short-acuminated, with a small cordate recess 

 at the base, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; peduncles twice 

 bifid ; berries depressed, globose. J? . H. Native of North 

 America, on the banks of the Kooskoosky. R. alnifolius, Pursh, 

 fl. sept. amer. 1. p i 166. but not of Lher. Berries purple, very 

 highly esteemed among the natives. 



Pursh's Buck-thorn. Fl. May, June. Shrub 6 feet. 



32 R. SERRULA'TUS (H. B. et Kunth, nov. sp. amer. 7. p. 51. 

 t. 617.) shrubby ; branches villously hairy ; leaves oblong, acute 

 at both ends, sharply serrated, smooth, clammy ; peduncles axil- 

 lary, solitary, single-fruited. ^ . G. Native of Mexico, in the 

 plains near St. Augustin de las Guevas. Flowers greenish- 

 yellow. 



Serrulated-\en\ed Buck-thorn. Shrub 6 feet. 



33 R. CALIFORNICUS (Eschscholtz, mem. acad. scienc. peterb. 

 10. p. 281.) unarmed; flowers hermaphrodite, monogynous, in 

 fascicled umbels ; berry 2-seeded ; leaves oval, serrulated. 



Jj . H. Native of California. 

 C'alifornian Buck-thorn. Shrub. 



34 R. MICROPHY'LLUS (Willd. in Schult. syst. 5. p. 295.) 

 shrubby, procumbent, much branched ; branches twisted ; 

 branchlets hairy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, almost entire, 

 smooth; peduncles solitary, axillary; flowers 5 -cleft, herma- 

 phrodite, monogynous. ^ . G. Native of Mexico. Flowers 

 greenish-yellow. This shrub has the habit of R. oleoides, but 

 with the flowers 5 or 6-cleft, and the style simple, and 2-lobed 

 at the apex. H. B. et Kunth, nov. gen. amer. 7. p. 51. t. 616. 



Small-leaved Buck-thorn. Clt. .1823. Shrub trailing. 



35 R. ALPI'NUS (Lin. spec. 280.) erect, twisted ; leaves oval- 

 lanceolate, crenate-serrated, smooth, lined with many parallel 

 nerves ; flowers dioecious, female ones with 4-cleft stigmas. 



(j . H. Native of the Alps of Switzerland, Dauphiny, Austria, 

 and Carniola. Duh. ed. 2. vol. 3. t. 13. Hall. hist. no. 823. t. 

 40. Berries black. Flowers greenish. 



Alpine Buck-thorn. Fl. May, June. Clt. 1752. Shrub 4 feet. 



36 R. PU'MILUS (Lin. mant. 49.) plant procumbent, much 

 branched ; leaves ovate, serrated, smooth ; flowers hermaphro- 

 dite. Jj . H. Native of Mount Baldo, and the Alps, and Car- 

 niola, in the fissures of rocks. Stigma 3-cleft. Flowers green- 

 ish-yellow, with the stamens white. R. rupestris, Scop. earn, 

 l.t. 5. 



Dwarf Buck-thorn. Fl.Ju. July. Clt. 1752. Sh. procumbent. 



SECT. II. FRA'NGULA (horn frango, to break). Tourn. inst. t. 

 383. D. C. prod. 2. p. 26. Brogn. mem. rhamn. p. 55. Flowers 

 hermaphrodite, rarely dioecious, 5-cleft (f. 5. C. a.), sometimes 

 4-cleft (f. 5, C. a.). Seeds smooth, compressed, with the hylum 



white and exserted, and with the raphe lateral on the surface of 

 the inner testa. Embryo flat. Leaves membranous, caducous, 

 quite entire, lined with approximate parallel nerves. 



37 R. CAROLINIA'NUS (Walt. car. p. 101.) erect; leaves oval- 

 oblong, almost entire, smooth ; umbels stalked ; flowers herma- 

 phrodite ; berries globose. J? . H. Native of North America, 

 Virginia, and Carolina, in woods and swamps. Flowers green- 

 ish 4-cleft. Stigrna 2-lobed. Berries black, 4-seeded. 



Carolinian Buck-thorn. Fl. May, Ju. Clt. 1818. Sh. 6 feet. 



38 R. FRA'NGULA (Lin. spec. 280.) leaves oval, quite entire, 

 lined with 10 or 12 lateral nerves, and are, as well as the calyx, 

 smooth ; flowers hermaphrodite. f? . H. Native of Europe, 

 in woods and thickets. In England, but rare in Scotland. 

 Flowers whitish, 5-cleft. Berries dark-purple, each containing 

 2 large seeds. Peduncles 1-flowered, aggregate. Smith, engl. 

 hot. t. 250. Oed. fl. dan. t. 278. From a quarter to half an 

 ounce of the inner bark or liber, boiled in water or beer, is 

 violently purgative. In dropsies or constipation of the bowels 

 in cattle it is a certain purgative. The berries gathered before 

 they are ripe dye wool green and yellow, when ripe blue and 

 green. The bark dyes yellow, and with preparations of iron 

 black. The flowers are particularly grateful to bees. Goats 

 devour the leaves voraciously, and sheep will eat them. Char- 

 coal prepared from the wood is preferred by the makers of gun- 

 powder. The berries are sometimes mixed by herb gatherers 

 with those of the true Buck-thorn, R. catliarticus, or substituted 

 for them, but the smaller number of seeds betrays the deception. 

 Their qualities perhaps (lifter very little. 



Breaking or Alder Buck-thorn, or Berry-bearing Alder. Fl. 

 May. Britain. Shrub 3 to 10 feet. 



39 R. LATIFOLIUS (Lher. sert. 5. t. 8.) leaves elliptical, acu- 

 minated, quite entire, lined with 12 or 15 lateral nerves ; younger 

 leaves and calyxes villous ; flowers hermaphrodite. Jj . G. 

 Native of the Azores, on the mountains of St. Michael. Flowers 

 greenish. Stigma slightly 3-cleft. 



Broad-leaved Buck-thorn. Fl. July. Clt. 1778. Shrub 5 ft. 



40 R. SANGUI'NEUS (Pers. ench. 1. p. 239.) leaves ovate or 

 oblong, acuminated, quite entire, lined, and are, as well as the 

 calyxes, smooth ; flowers hermaphrodite, fascicled, axillary. 

 T? . H. Native of Galicia, on the banks of rivers. R. sanguine, 

 &c. Ort. dec. 87. Young branches red. Flowers greenish. 



Bloody- branched Buck-thorn. Shrub 6 feet. 



41 R. HUMBOLDTIA'NUS (Schult. syst. 5. p. 295. H. B. et 

 Kunth, nov. gen. amer. 7. p. 52. t. 618.) branches and leaves 

 smooth, alternate, and opposite, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, rounded 

 at the base, quite entire, beneath as well as the calyxes beset 

 with glandular dots ; peduncles axillary, 3-6-flowered ; flowers 

 somewhat umbellate ; stigmas 2-lobed. Tj . S. Native of South 

 America, between Totonilco el Grande and Actopan, near the 

 village of Magdalena. R. franguloides, Willd. herb, but not 

 of Michx. Fruit 2-celled, cells 2-seeded. Flowers white. This 

 species differs from all the others in the cells of the fruit being 

 2-seeded, and in the leaves being for the most part opposite. 



Htimboldt's Buck-thorn. Tree. 



SECT. III.? ANTIRIIA'MNUS (from anil and rltdmnus). D. C. 

 prod. 2. p. 20. Leaves opposite, bistipulate. Flowers axillary. 

 Fruit 2-celled. Unarmed species not sufficiently known. Na- 

 tives of Mexico. They should perhaps be joined with Ceano- 

 thus or separated into a distinct genus. 



42 R.UMBELLA'TUS (Cav. icon. 6. p. 2. t. 504.) leaves ovate, 

 acute, entire, lined with feather nerves, smoothish ; peduncles 

 axillary, bearing an umbel of 4 or 5 flowers. Jj . G. Native 

 of Mexico. Segments of calyx each with 2 hollows inside. 

 Flowers reddish. 



{/76e/-flowered Buck-thorn. Shrub 6 feet. 



