288 



UMBELLIFER/E. L. CARUM. 





distinct, conical, terminated by the long deflexed styles. Fruit 

 compressed from the sides, ovate ; mericarps with 5 filiform 

 ribs ; lateral ribs marginating ; furrows between the ribs 

 destitute of vittae. Carpophore setaceous, forked at the apex. 

 Seeds teretely convex on the outside, and flattish on the 

 inside. Branching herbs, with creeping roots. Leaves biter- 

 nate or triternate ; upper cauline ones ternate : leaflets ovate- 

 oblong, acuminated, serrated. Umbels composed of many rays. 

 Both the involucra and involucels are wanting. Flowers white : 

 anthers when young purple. 



1 JE. PODAGRA'RIA (Lin. spec. p. 379.) stem furrowed ; leaves 

 biternate or triternate ; leaflets oblong-serrated, unequal at the 

 base, lower ones binate. If.. H. Native throughout the whole 

 of Europe, even to Caucasus and Siberia, in hedges and orchards. 

 Very common in some parts of Britain. Oed. fl. dan. t. 670. 

 Smith engl. bot. t. 940. Schkuhr, handb. t. 79. Riv. t. 47. 

 Tragoselinum angelica Lam. fl. fr. 3. p. 449. Pimpinella ange- 

 licaefolia, Lam. diet. 1. p. 451. Ligusticum podagraria, Crantz. 

 aust. p. 200. Seseli ^gopodium, Scop. earn. ed. 2. no. 359. 

 Podagvaria JEgopodium Mcencli, Meth. p. 90. Sison Podagraria 

 Spreng. umb. prod. p. 35. Lob. icon. t. 700. f. 2. The plant 

 is called Herb Gerard, Gout-weed, Ash-meed, or Ach-rveed, and 

 Wild Masterwort, and being a great creeper, it cannot be admit- 

 ted into gardens, for after it gets hold it is next to impossible to 

 eradicate it again. Though it has the quality of most umbelli- 

 ferous plants, of being aromatic, yet it is not used at all in 

 medicine ; nor has it any title to its name gout-weed, though the 

 Germans formerly used it to assuage the pain both of the gout 

 and piles. Linnaeus says it is eaten in Sweden, boiled for greens, 

 when tender in the spring. The roots are sometimes sold for 

 those of the true Masterwort, the Imperatoria Ostruthium. 



Gout-need. Fl. May, July. Britain. PI. 2 to 3 feet. 



2 JE. ALPE'STRE (Led. fl. ross. alt. ill. t. 7. fl. alt. 1, p. 354.) 

 stem smooth ; lower leaves ternately pinnate ; leaflets ovate, cut, 

 lower and terminal ones somewhat tripartite ; upper leaves ter- 

 nate, having the leaflets pinnate at the base, but drawn out at 

 the apex, and nearly entire. %. H. Native of Altaia, in 

 shady places on the north sides of the mountains near Riddersk, 

 about the fountains of the rivers. Uba and Tscharuych. Root 

 creeping. Flowers white. 



Alp Gout-weed. Fl. Ju. July. PI. 1 to 2 feet. 

 Cult. The plants will grow under any circumstance. 



L. CA'RUM (so named from Caria, in Asia Minor ; origi- 

 nally found there) Kock. umb. p. 121. D. C. coll. mem. 5. p. 41. 

 prod. 4. p. 414. Carum, Sison, and Bunium species of Lin. 

 and Hoffm. Carum and Slum species of Spreng. 



LIN. SYST. Pentandria Digynia. Margin of calyx obsolete. 

 Petals regular obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point. Stylo- 

 podium depressed ; styles deflexed. Fruit contracted from the 

 sides, ovate or oblong ; mericarps furnished with 5 filiform, equal 

 ribs : lateral ribs marginating ; having the furrows between the 

 ribs furnished with one vitta each, and the commissure, which is 

 flat, with two vittse. Carpophore free, forked at the apex. 

 Seed terete, convex on the back, and flattish in front. Herbs 

 glabrous, usually perennial. Roots tuberous, edible. Leaves 

 pinnate ; segments or leaflets multifid. Both the involucra and 

 involucels are variable. Flowers white. 



SECT. I. CA'RVI (an alteration of the generic name). D. C. 

 prod, 4. p. 115. Carum, Lin. Careum, Adans. fam. 2. p. 98. 

 Involucrum wanting ; involucels wanting, or of very few leaves. 



1 C. CA'RVI (Lin. spec. 378.) root fusiform ; leaves bipin- 

 nate ; leaflets decussate, multifid ; stems furrowed ; in- 

 volucra and involucels wanting, fl/. H. Native through- 

 out the whole of Europe, in meadows and pastures ; and 



of Altaia, in dry grassy places at the river Tscharaiych. Fre- 

 quent in Britain, but is only a naturalised plant. Fl. dan. 1091. 

 Smith, engl. bot. t. 1503. Nees, off. pfl. 14. t. 17. Mart, 

 rust. t. 55. Hayn. arzn. gew. 7. t. 19. Woodv. med. bot. 

 Jacq. aust. t. 393. A' pium Carvi Crantz, aust. p. 218. Seseli 

 Carvi, Scop. earn. no. 361. Btinium Carvi, Bieb. fl. taur. 1. 

 p. 211. suppl. p. 206. Lagae'cia cuminoides, Willem. phyt. 1. 

 p. 254. but not of Lin. Carvi, Riv. pent. irr. with a figure. 

 Flowers white. Leaflets of leaves in sixes, appearing rathex. 

 verticillate. The caraway is called Carvi in France, Italy, and 

 Scotland, and Kummel in Germany. The plant is cultivated 

 chiefly for the seed, which is used in confectionary and in medi- 

 cine. In spring the under leaves are sometimes put in soups ; 

 and in former times the fusiform roots were eaten as parsnips, 

 to which Parkinson gives them the preference. 



Garden culture. The plant is raised from seed, of which a 

 quarter of an ounce is sufficient for a seed-bed 4 feet by 6. Sow 

 annually, in autumn, soon after the seed is ripe : the seedlings 

 will rise quickly, and should be thinned to a foot distance each 

 way. In default of sowing in autumn, sow in March or April, 

 either in drills or broad-cast ; but the plants so raised will not, 

 in general, flower till the following year. When the seed is ripe, 

 the plant is generally pulled up in gathering, especially in field 

 culture. 



Field culture. The culture and management oft the caraway 

 is the same as that of Coriander. In all probability both plants 

 would answer if sown like clover among a crop of corn, hoed 

 and thinned when the crop was removed, and again in the fol- 

 lowing spring. The method of culture in Essex is, about the 

 beginning of March to plough some old pasture land ; if it has 

 been pasture for a century the better ; and the soil should be very 

 strong clayey loam. Twelve pounds of caraway-seed are mixed 

 with ten pounds of coriander, and twelve pounds of teazle-seed ; 

 this is sufficient for an acre, and is sown directly after the plough, 

 harrowing the land well. When the plants appear of sufficient 

 strength to bear the hoe, which will not be until about ten weeks 

 after sowing, it must not be omitted ; and in the course of the 

 summer the crop will require three hoeings, besides one at 

 Michaelmas. The coriander, being annual, will be fit to cut 

 about the beginning of July. It is left in the field after cutting, 

 and threshed on a cloth in the same manner as rape-seed. About 

 April following the caraway and teazle will want a good hoeing, 

 done deep and well, and another about the beginning of June. 

 The caraway will be fit to cut the beginning of July, and must 

 be threshed in the same manner as the coriander. This com- 

 pound crop is mostly sown on lands so strong as to require being 

 a little exhausted to make it fit for corn. Caraway and coriander 

 are oftenest sown without teazle ; the latter being a troublesome 

 and uncertain crop, and the produce of caraway much greater 

 without it. The produce of caraway, on very rich old leys, in 

 the hundreds or low lands of Essex, has often been twenty cwt. 

 to the acre. There is always a demand for the seed in the 

 London market. The uses of caraway-seed are the same as 

 those of coriander, and its oil and other preparations are more 

 used in medicine. Dr. Anderson says, both the roots and tops 

 may be given to cattle in spring. The seeds have an aromatic 

 smell, and warm pungent taste, and yield much essential oil. 

 They are employed as stomachic and carminative, in flatulent 

 colics. The oil is used in the same way as other volatile oils. 



Var. /3, pterochlce num (D. C. prod. 4. p. 115.) leaves of 

 involucrum few and multifid. O- H- Native of Montbelliard, 

 in humid meadows not unfrequent. 



Var. y, nanum (D. C. 1. c.) stems short. 7. H. Native of 

 the Apennines. Pimpinella vaginata, Jan. herb. 



far. B, elongatum, segments of the leaves linear, elongated. 

 7. H. Native of Canada. C. Carvi, var. /3, Hook, fl. bor. 



