732 



CAMPANULACEjE. 



Calyx regular, of from 3 to 8 lobes, but usually of 5 lobes, 

 very rarely destitute of the limb. Corolla monopetalous, re- 

 gular, permanent, usually 5-lobed, rarely 3 to 8-lobed ; lobes 

 alternating with the calycine segments, each having a conspicuous 

 central nerve, valvate in aestivation. Stamens like the corolla, 

 inserted in the margin of the disc of the ovarium, and combined 

 with it, distinct from the corolla, but equal in number to its 

 segments, and alternating with them; filaments usually ex- 

 panded at the base and membranous, and bending towards the 

 base of the style above the disc ; anthers fixed by the base, 

 free, rarely more or less combined into a tube, 2-celled ; cells 

 dehiscing lengthwise when the flower is in bud ; pollen copious, 

 adhering, yellow or violaceous, and clothed with very short pa- 

 pillae. Style one, more or less hairy ; stigma naked (not covered 

 by an indusium, as in the order Sccevblece,), rarely capitate, but 

 usually divided into from 2 to 8 lobes, or as many lobes as 

 there are cells in the ovarium ; lobes erect while the flower is 

 in aestivation, pilose on the back, and hardly distinct, but they 

 diverge and become recurved and glabrous on the expansion of 

 the flower. Ovarium combined with the tube of the calyx, some- 

 times half superior, many-celled ; cells from 2 to 8 in number, 

 but usually 2, 3 or 5, (never 4, unless a monstrosity) opposite the 

 calycine lobes, and sometimes alternating with them. Capsule 

 many-seeded, dehiscing at the sides or apex, having the valves 

 usually septiferous in the middle. Seeds numerous, small, in- 

 serted in the placentas on the inner side of the cells. Albumen 

 fleshy. Embryo slender, straight, with opposite, ovate or roundish 

 small foliaceous cotyledons. Usually milky herbs, rarely shrubs. 

 Leaves exstipulate, alternate, but sometimes opposite, rarely 

 entire, usually toothed or crenated, never fleshy ; the radical 

 ones often different from the cauline ones. Flowers rarely in- 

 volucrated, number and situation variable, terminal and axillary, 

 racemose, panicled or spicate, and glomerate, usually drooping ; 

 pedicels always reflexed in those species in which the capsules 

 burst at the base, but on the contrary they are erect in those 

 species whose capsules burst at the apex. Corollas usually blue 

 or white, rarely yellow or purple. 



Campanulaceae differ from Compositae in not having the 

 flowers in heads, in their usually distinct anthers ; in their 

 polyspermous fruit. It differs from Lobeliaceae in the regular 

 flowers, and in the usually distinct anthers, and from Gooden6- 

 viae in the flowers being regular, and in the want of an indusium 

 to the stigma. All the plants are pretty, and some highly orna- 

 mental. The roots of Camp. Rapunculus are used as a vege- 

 table under the name of Rampion. 



Synopsis of the genera. 



TRIBE I. 



JASIONE/E. Capsule dehiscing at the apex. The plants con- 

 tained in this tribe are most frequent in the southern hemisphere. 



1. Corolla 5 -parted. 

 * Anthers combined. 



1 JASIONE. Capsule 2-celled, inferior : valves dehiscing but 

 a very little way at top. Herbs with capitate flowers. 



* * Anthers distinct. 



2 LIGHTFOOTIA. Stigmas filiform. Capsule 3-5-celled, half 

 superior ; when 5-celled the cells are opposite the stamens and 

 calycine segments. African subshrubs or herbs. 



3 CEPHALOSTI'GMA. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-3-celled. 

 Herbs. 



4 CAMPAWM^A. Calyx without a limb. Stigmas ovate, 

 thick. Capsule 3-celled. Herbs, with opposite leaves, and 

 large involucrated flowers. 



2. Corolla 3-6-cleft or 3-6-lobed at the apex. Anthers 

 always distinct. 



* Capsule with the valves opening regularly. 



5 CoDONOPsis. Calyx usually destitute of a limb. Corolla 

 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3, ovate, thick. Capsule 3-celled. 

 Usually climbing glaucescent herbs, with opposite leaves. 



6 CANARI'NA. Calyx and corolla 6-lobed. Stamens 6. 

 Stigmas 6. Cells of fruit opposite the stamens and calycine 

 segments. Climbing glaucescent herbs, with opposite leaves. 



7 PLATYCODON. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Stamens and 

 stigmas 5. Capsule 3-5-celled ; cells when 5 alternating with 

 the stamens and calycine segments. Seeds ovate, flat. Rather 

 glaucescent herbs, with alternate or subopposite leaves, and large 

 campanulate corollas. 



8 MICROCODON. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Stamens and 

 stigmas 5. Capsule 5-celled ; cells alternating with the stamens 

 and calycine segments. Seeds small, ovoid. Humble herbs, 

 with narrow alternate leaves, and small cylindrical corollas. 



9 WAHLENBE'RGIA. Calyx and corolla 3-5-lobed. Stamens 

 3-5 ; stigmas 2-5. Capsule 2-5-celled ; cells when 5 opposite 

 the stamens and calycine segments. Seeds small, usually ovoid. 

 Herbs usually with alternate and narrow leaves. 



* * Capsule elongated, bursting at the top or opening by a pore. 



10 PRISMATOCA'RPUS. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 

 5. Capsule 2-celled, naked, at length bursting irregularly at 

 trie apex. Seeds angular, thick. Herbs or subshrubs, with 

 alternate narrow stiff" leaves, and axillary sessile flowers. 



1 1 ROE'LLA. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Cap- 

 sule 2-celled, always terminated by the permanent calycine seg- 

 ments, dehiscing irregularly at the apex. Small shrubs, with 

 alternate narrow stiff" leaves ; and sessile, usually solitary, ter- 

 minal flowers. 



TRIBE II. 



CAMPANU'LEJE. Capsule dehiscing at the sides. The plants con- 

 tained in this tribe are all indigenous to the northern hemisphere. 



1. Capsule dehiscing by valves, which are equal in number to 

 the cells. 



* Corolla 5-8-parted.' 



12 PHYTEUMA. Calyx and corolla 5-parted. Stamens 5. 

 Capsule 2-3-celled. Stigmas filiform. Herbs, with small usually 

 glomerate flowers. 



13 PETROMA'RULA. Calyx and corolla 5-parted. Stigma 



