104 



APOCYNE.E. LX. CARISSA. 



I.X. CAJII'SSA (Krishna-pakphula is the Sanscrit name of 

 C. Carandas, and Oorissa is that of C. diffusa). Lin. syst. 

 251. Schreb. gen. 413. Juss. gen. 149. R. Br. prod. 

 468. 



LIN. SYST. Pent&ndria, Monogy'nia. Calyx 5-toothed. 

 Corolla funnel-shaped; limb 5 -parted ; throat naked. Sta- 

 mens 5, inclosed. Ovarium 2-celled ; cells few-seeded. Style 

 filiform ; stigma dilated from the base, bifid. Berry 2-celled ; 

 cells 1 or few-seeded. Seeds peltate. Embryo inverted. 

 Shrubs. Leaves opposite, furnished with intrapetiolar bristles. 

 Peduncles axillary and terminal, many-flowered, every where 

 becoming sterile and spinescent. Flowers white. 



* Species natives of New Holland. 



1 C. OVA'TA (R. Br. prod. p. 468.) shrub spiny, erect ; 

 branches brachiate ; branchlets scabrous ; leaves broad-elliptic, 

 acute, mucronate, glabrous, with rather branched veins ; spines 

 straight, divaricate, 3 times shorter than the leaves. V% . S. 

 Native of New Holland, within the tropic. 



Otate-leaved Carissa. Fl. June. Nov. Clt. 1819. Shrub. 



2 C. SCA V BRA(R. Br. 1. c.) shrub spiny, diffuse ; leaves ovate, 

 mucronate, scabrous on both surfaces. f? . S. Native of New 

 Holland, within the tropic. 



Scabrous Carissa. Shrub diffuse. 



3 C. LANCEOLA'TA (R. Br. 1. c.) spiny ; leaves narrow-lanceo- 

 late ; segments of corolla lanceolate-subulate. ^ . S. Native 

 of New Holland, within the tropic. There are 2 varieties of 

 this species ; the one glabrous, with smooth branches ; and the 

 other having the branchlets and leaves here and there downy. 



Lanceolate-leaved Carissa. Fl. July, Aug. Clt. 1822. Sh. 



* * Species natives of the East Indies. 



4 C. CAR A'NDAS (Lin. mant. p. 52.) subarboreous ; leaves ovate, 

 mucronate, or elliptic, obtuse, glabrous ; spines often 2-forked ; 

 corymbs terminal and axillary, few-flowered ; cells of fruit 4- 

 seeded. fj . S. Native of the East Indies, in wild, woody, 

 dry, uncultivated places. Lam. ill. t. 118. f. 1. ann. mus. 8. 

 t. 3'i. (. 2. Roxb. cor. 1. p. 55. t. 77. Lodd. bot. cab. 663. 

 Capparis Carandas, Gmel. syst. 1. p. 806. Echites spinosa, 

 Burm. ind. p. 69. Carandas, Rumph. amb. 7. p. 57. t. 25. 

 Plukn. aim. p. 235. t. 305. f. 4. Branches dichotomous. Spines 

 always in pairs at the divisions of the branches, and at every 

 other pair of leaves, often forked. Peduncles terminal, usually 

 twin. Flowers milky-white, jasmine-like. Berry size of a 

 small plum, when ripe of a shining black. The Carandas makes 

 exceedingly strong fences ; the number and the strength of their 

 thorns render them almost impassable. The fruit, just before 

 ripe, is employed to make tarts and preserves of various kinds, 

 also to pickle, and by most people reckoned superior for these 

 uses to every other fruit in the country, not even the mango 

 excepted. They are universally eaten by the natives, when 

 ripe, and are tolerably pleasant to the taste even of an Euro- 

 pean. 



Carandas Carissa. Fl. July. Clt. 1790. Tree 15 to 20 ft. 



5 C. DIFFU V SA (Roxb. fl. ind. 2. p. 524.) shrub diffuse, spiny, 

 with dichotomous branches ; leaves almost sessile, roundish- 

 ovate, cordate, mucronate, polished ; corymbs terminal, rarely 

 axillary, many-flowered ; cells of berry 2-seeded. Pj . S. Na- 

 tive of the East Indies, in the Ganjan district, and from thence 

 northward to the mouth of the Hoogly. Spines as in Cartindas, 

 simple bifid or twice bifid. Mucrone of leaves recurved. 

 Flowers pure white. Berries black when ripe, size of a French 

 bean. 



Diffuse Carissa. Shrub diffuse. 



6 C. MACROPHY'LLA (Wall. cat. no. 1679.) leaves ovate, acu- 



minated, glabrous, shining ; spines short, hooked; flowers ter- 

 minal and axillary, corymbose. Tj . S. Native of the East 

 Indies. C. mitis, Herb. Heyne, but hardly of Vahl. Leaves 

 3 inches long and 1^ broad at the base. 

 Large-leaved Carissa. Shrub or tree. 



7 C. VII.LOSA (Roxb. fl. ind. 2. p. 525.) shrub downy, tender 

 parts villous ; leaves from broad-lanceolate to oblong, acute, 

 soft from down, particularly while young ; flowers terminal, 

 by threes or sevens ; cells of fruit 2-seeded. fj . S. Native 

 of the East Indies. C. hirsuta, Heyne ex Roth. spec. 128. 

 Branchlets dichotomous. Spines strong and very sharp, less 

 frequently compound than in the 2 preceding species. Corolla 

 small, white, with a curved tube, and linear-lanceolate, acute 

 segments. Berries round, the size of a pea, blackish purple. 

 Bark of the woody part of the plant spongy. 



Villous Carissa. Shrub. 



8 C. SALICINA (Lam. diet. 1. p. 554.) shrub spiny; leaves 

 lanceolate-oblong, mucronate, veiny, narrower towards the pe- 

 tioles ; flowers in sub-corymbose fascicles. Tj . S. Native of 

 the East Indies. Spines strong, straight, simple. Perhaps 

 only a variety of C. Carandas, with narrower leaves. 



Willon>y-]eaved Carissa. Shrub or small tree. 



9 C. SPINA'RUM (Lin. syst. 251. mant. 559.) shrub spiny; 

 leaves ovate, acute, veiny, shining ; peduncles terminal, 4-5- 

 flowered ; segments of corolla lanceolate ; cells of berry 2- 

 seeded. ^ S. Native of the East Indies and Japan. Lam. 

 ill. t. 118. f. 2. Lodd. bot. cab. 162. Thunb. jap. 108. 

 Branches dichotomous. Spines 2 at each ramification, opposite, 

 the one above the branch and the other below it, red at top and 

 shining, as in C. Carandas. Leaves small. Teeth of calyx 

 subulate. Corolla white, with lanceolate-oblong segments. 

 Berry black, size of a pea. 



Spiny Carissa. Fl. Aug. Dec. Clt. 1809. Tree. 



10 C. AXILLA'RIS (Roxb. fl. ind. 2. p. 526.) shrub armed 

 with simple, opposite, recurved spines ; leaves oblong, on short 

 petioles ; corymbs pedunculate, axillary, many-flowered, fj . S. 

 Native of the Moluccas. Flowers white. 



jfxillary-fiowered Carissa. Shrub. 



11 C. INE'RMIS (Vahl, symb. 3. p. 43.) shrub without spines ; 

 leaves ovate, cordate, mucronate, veinless ; peduncles terminal, 

 tern ; calycine segments setaceous. J? . S. Native of the East 

 Indies. Like C. spinarum, but differs in the leaves being 3 

 times the size, in the flowers being larger, and in the absence of 

 spines. 



Unarmed Carissa. Shrub. 



* * * Species natives of Africa and its islands. 



12 C. ARDUINA (Lam. diet. 1. p. 555.) shrub spiny; leaves 

 cordate-ovate, mucronate, nearly sessile ; flowers terminal, co- 

 rymbose ; cells of berry 1 -seeded. >j . G. Native of the Cape of 

 Good Hope. Arduina bispinosa, Lin. mant. p. 552. Lodd. bot. 

 cab. t. 387. Lycium cordatum, Mill. diet. no. 10. fig. p. 200. 

 t. 300. Spines twin, simple, but usually bifid ; in this last case 

 one of the clefts points downwards and the other upwards. 

 Leaves dark green, larger than those of box. Flowers white, 

 small, sweet-scented. Berry red. 



Ardmnis Carissa. Fl. March, Aug. Clt. 1760. Shrub 

 3 to 5 feet. 



13 C. EDU'LIS (Vahl. symb. 1. p. 22.) shrub spiny ; branches 

 villous at top ; leaves ovate, acute, veinless ; almost sessile ; 

 peduncles terminal, twin, or sometimes by threes ; calycine seg- 

 ments subulate, ciliated ; segments of corolla lanceolate-linear ; 

 cells of berry 1 -seeded. Ij.S. Native of Arabia Felix, and of 

 Abyssinia. Antiira, Forsk. desc. p. 63. Antura Hadiensis, 

 Gmel. syst. veg. 405. Spines strong, red at top. Berries 

 edible. 



