l6 THE VESSEL, THE APPARATUSES AND THEIR APPLICATION. 



The thermometers were allowed 5 minutes to accommodate themselves, which 5 minutes were 

 reckoned from the moment the last thermometer that had been lowered, had arrived at the depth 

 intended for it, or from the moment the running out of the line was stopped. 



In the meantime everything had been made ready for heaving in, the thermometer-line was 

 passed round the large drum of the trawl-winch, and the shaft for the reel of the line was brought 

 into gear with its two-cylinder machine. After the aforesaid 5 minutes had elasped, the heaving 

 in was commenced and came to a stop, as soon as a set of instruments was on a level with the rail, 

 whereafter they were detached from the line. Next the temperature was read, and the water-bottle 

 delivered over to the physicist When all the instruments were on board again, the same proceeding 

 was repeated till observations had been made in all the determined depths. 



Trawling. The proceeding is the same whether the apparatus employed be trawl, dredge 

 or swab-rod. 



The first of the aforesaid apparatuses was, with a few exceptions, exclusively used on both 

 voyages notwithstanding the unfavourable condition of the bottom, which the expedition nearly always 

 met with, namely large stones spread over the bottom, the presence of which was due to the ice of 

 the present time and that of the past. 



The preparations for trawling commenced with reeving the trawl-wire. The end of the wire 

 was taken from the trawl-wire reel (Fig. 5) a, and rove through a leading block b attached to an eye- 

 bolt in the deck on the port side abreast of the large drum of the trawl-winch c; it was thereafter 

 passed round the large drum with 9 turns, rove through a leading block d attached to an],eye-bolt in 

 the deck on the starboard side abreast of the large drum of the trawl-winch, through a block e in a 

 strap round the foremast, through the block (Fig. 6) f at the end of the trawl-boom g, whereon the 

 thimble at the end of the wire by a shackle with swivel was shackled to a crowfoot on the trawl, 

 dredge or svab-rod. 



The trawl-boom g whose position was athwart ship when trawling, was used to keep the wire 

 clear of the ship's side; it was a wooden boom, 38 feet long, whose inner end was attached to an iron 

 mounting round the foremast, so as to be moved in a horizontal direction. To steer the boom, a 

 topping lift and two guys, running forward and aft, were attached to the outer end of the boom. 

 The block f was attached to the end of a chain which went over a block h at the end of the boom, 

 through a sheave-hole at the inner end of the boom, and was then attached to the lower end of an 

 accumulator k, hanging in an iron wire strap from the foremast-head. The accumulator was after 

 the American model, and the object of it was by its elasticity to prevent the trawl-wire from being 

 exposed to too sudden jerks by the movements of the vessel; likewise it served by its sudden con- 

 traction to notify when the trawl or the apparatus that was used had caught hold of some roughness 

 of the bottom. 



When the boom was not used, it was swung in amidships before the foremast, with its outer 

 end resting in a crutch on the forecastle. 



When everything was ready for trawling, the vessel was laid head to wind, the head-way 

 was taken off the vessel, and the trawl was lowered down vertically by veering out the wire by 

 means of the trawl-winch with a velocity of 100 fath. in 6 or 7 miuuttes, a speed which experience 



