24 



HYDROGRAFI. 



Arctic Ocean from the basin of the Atlantic. An article on this subject by Cpt. Mourier is found in 

 the periodical *Geografisk Tidsskrift» 4th volume 1880. 



The measurings and determinations of the Norwegian-North-Atlantic-Expedition have partly 

 been made in the region of the sea between the Faroe islands and Iceland and this latter and Jan 

 Mayen, so that the seas round Iceland may be considered as a link in the whole of the system of 

 which Mr. II. Mohn has written in the report that was published about the expedition, volumeXVIII. 

 Christiania 1879, 



Cpt. Wandel has given a full and detailed description of the currents in the vicinity of Iceland 

 in his work «Bemaerkninger til Beseilingen af Islands Kyster» 1879. This representation is partly 

 founded on the basis of the aforesaid measurings, as well as on the practical experiences gathered by 

 Cpt. Wan del when, as a lieutenant, he was master of a steamer for three years in the Iceland trade. 



Among later investigations are specially noticeable: «Den andra Dicksonska Expedition till 

 Gronland 1883s. Mr. Axel Hamberg has written about this expedition in «Bihang till K. Svenska 

 Vet-Akad. Handlingar volume 9, No. 16 — 18, and from this will be seen that the East-Greenland-Polar 

 Current, during the whole of its course from latitude 66° N to Cape Farewell, is resting on warm water. 



As to the currents in the Davis-Strait , Admiral Irminger has proved in the magazine «Nyt 

 Archiv for Sovaesen, vol. 9th No. 4» , especially on account of the drift of the ice, that the East-Greenland- 

 Polar Current rounds Cafe Farewell, and runs north along the west coast of Greenland. Next, the 

 Davis-Strait has, in so far as hydrography regards, been subject to the investigations of the numerous 

 arctic explorers that have passed through it, as well as to the researches of the second Dickson- 

 Expedition to Greenland, see «Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar », vol.9, No. 16. A 

 systematic investigation was commenced by the cruiser Fylla in 1884, continued 1886, and completed 

 in 1889. An account of this has been given by Cpt. C. F Wandel in the work «Meddelelser om 

 Gronland* VII, 1891, in which the author at the same time lays before us as full and complete a 

 description of the hydrography of the Davis-Strait, as it has been possible to give on the basis of the 

 observations at hand. 



Our knowledge of the tract of the sea round Iceland and Greenland has likewise been increa- 

 sed by the determinations of temperature that have been made for the Meteorological Institute by 

 shipmasters in the Iceland and Greenland trade, as well as by observations at the meteorological 

 stations, and by reports of the drift of the ice. 



As to the further details of the system of currents, different theories of importance have been 

 set forth on the basis of the observations at hand, thus by Irminger in the magazine, «Tidsskrift for 

 Sovaesen* 1861 and 1870, by Professor Colding in his work: «Str0mforholdet i almindelige Ledninger 

 og i Havet* 1870, and finally by Peter mann in «Geographische Mittheihmgen» 1870. 



The hydrographical observations and determinations due to the Iugolf-Expedition in 1895 — 

 1896, have upon the whole confirmed the general conception of the course and nature of the currents 

 in the region of the sea that has been explored. If the attention should be directed to any new 

 established facts, it must certainly be the division of the Irminger Current in a westerly 

 and an easterly branch north-west of Iceland, and the extent and magnitude of the 

 East-/V^/a«</-Polar Current. 



