EXPLANATION OF ARITHMETICAL CHARACTERS 

 USED IN THIS BOOK. 



= Equal; as 12 inches = 1 foot, or 4x5=20. 



-|- Plus or more; signifies addition, as 3-f-5-f-7=15. 



Minus or less ; signifies subtraction, as 124=8. 



X Multiplied by ; signifies multiplication, as 8x7=56. 



-r- Divided by ; signifies division, as. 56-7-8=7. 



: :: : Proportion ; as 2 : 4 :: 8 : 16 ; that is, as 2 is to 4 so is 8 to 16. 



y Prefixed to a number denotes that the square root of that number is 

 required, as, V36=6. 



* y Prefixed to a number denotes that the cube root of that number is re- 

 quired, as, 8 V 27 =3. 



a Added to a number signifies that the number is to be squared, as 4 8 

 means that 4 is to be multiplied by 4. 



' Added to a number signifies that the number is to be cubed, as, 4* 

 means 4 x 4 x 4=64. 



. Decimal point, when prefixed to a number signified that that number 

 has an unit (1) for its denominator, as . 1 is &, . 2 is -&, . 12 is tfg, . 125 is 

 Ac. 



Signifies degrees : ' minutes, and * seconds. 



