FACTS ABOUT PRINTING AND BOOK-MAKING. 261 



We do not apologize for giving the above and the few 

 following facts about printing, because that art has become so 

 universally used by all classes that it is of practical impor- 

 tance to disseminate information in regard to it. 



The specimens given above are called Roman ; CAPI- 

 TALS and SMALL CAPITALS belong legitimately with this 

 style. Italics are cast to accompany it, to give emphasis to 

 certain parts of the matter being composed, or set up. Italic 

 figures and small capitals of italic are not made. Many 

 other styles of type, such as Black Letter, Script, Church 

 Text, Clarendon, Title, Ionic, Full Face, &c., are cast, and 

 are ordinarily used to display certain lines in Job Printing, 

 and are consequently called job type. 



Printers generally charge for the setting of type, or, as 

 they technically term it, the composition of matter, by the 

 number of ems it contains. An em is the square of the 

 body of the type ; they measure the matter composed by 

 multiplying the number of ems or lines it is in length by the 

 number of ems or lines it is in width. Nonpareil is half the 

 size in body of Pica, consequently 4 ems of Nonpareil equal 

 1 of Pica. Agate is half Small Pica. Pearl is half Long 

 Primer. 



In 1 square inch there are 36 ems Pica. 



" " 50 " Small Pica. 



" " " 56 " Long Primer. 



" " " 72J " Bourgeois. 



" " " 87 " Brevier. 



" " " 113} " Minion. 



