TILE DRAINING. 



371 



directions. Those who are desirous of investigating reasons 

 will find them stated in other works which are devoted to 

 the fuller discussion of the various topics here touched upon. 



The ditches are usually dug, in this country, with the or- 

 dinary pick, spade, and shovel, with the single addition of a 

 narrow scoop to work in the narrow bottoms of the drains. 

 Such a scoop may be made by cutting a common, round- 

 pointed, long-handled shovel down to a width of four or five 

 inches. 



In Europe, where much more extensive operations of 

 drainage are carried on than are known in this country, sets 

 of tools especially adapted for all the different operations 

 are used. One set of these is shown in Fig. 0. 



FIG. 7. 



The position of the workman in cutting a narrow ditch 



