HORSES. 205 



Nine years old 



The cups have disappeared from the center upper nippers. 

 The cups are still present in the intermediate and corner nippers 

 of the upper jaw. 



Ten years old 



The cups have disappeared from all but the upper corner nippers. 

 The teeth are more triangular and meet at a sharper angle. 



Eleven years old 



The cups are all gone, except in occasionally some horses of 

 denser bone, when there may be a shallow cup in the upper corner 

 teeth. 



Twelve years old 



Judgment of a horse must be formed from general appearance. 



Individuality in horses counts for much. 



The teeth will show much wear and become more triangular 



and meet at a sharper angle. 



The nippers may become too long for the grinders and will 



require filing to enable the horse to masticate. 



Questions. 



1. What is meant by "temperament"? type? 



2. What is "spirit" and "disposition" in a horse? 



3. What is meant by "good action"? 



4. Discuss cause and cure for balky horses. 



5. What is meant by "style" and "carriage"? 



6. Discuss endurance. 



7. What is "matching horses"? 



8. What is a blemish? 



9. When is a horse unsound? 



10. Name some visible imperfections of the legs that make a horse 

 unsound. 



11. Define and describe symptoms of distemper, sweeney, scratches, 

 gravel, spavin, stringhalt, curb, interfering, colic, asturia,.bots, ring-bone. 



12. Name the leading breeds of horses in America. 



13. Name some of the most. popular breeds among the draft type, 

 the carriage and coach type, the roadster type. 



14. Explain the chief points of difference between the Percheron and 

 the Clydesdale. 



15. What is a thoroughbred? 



