CHAPTER XXVII. 

 Stone and Cement Construction. 



SILO AND ROAD BUILDING. 



Concrete is a manufactured stone formed by mixing crushed 

 stone, stone siftings, sand or gravel with cement and water. 

 It is used for the following purposes : 



1. Foundations for buildings. 



2. Cellar walls. 



3. Floors, walks, roads. 



4. Pillars, posts and steps. 



5. Walls for basement, barns and cow barns. 



6. Watering troughs and tanks. 



7. Abutments for drain tile outlets. 



8. Patching stone walls. 



9. Cistern walls and tops, well walls and tops. 



10. Stopping holes in floors (wood). 



11. Anchor posts and fence posts. 



12. Tile, rollers for yards, lawns and gardens. 



13. Flower pots and chimney tops. 



14. Pillars for porches. 



15. Filling decayed spots in trees. 



16. Construction of dwellings. 



17. Bridges, sewers, culverts. 



18. Silos. 



19. Gutters. 



20. Porch floors. 



Important Points About Concrete. 



1. The largest part of concrete is gravel or stone. 



2. For a substantial first class job the crushed stone, sand or gravel 

 must be clean and free from dirt or vegetable matter. 



3. For heavy foundations, large sized pebbles and stones may 

 be used. 



4. For reinforced concrete work only stones should be used that 

 will pass through a 1 inch ring. 



5. Sizes should be graded from the smallest, one-fourth inch in 

 diameter to the largest not over 1 inch in diameter. 



6. Waters should be free from strong acids and alkalis. 



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