xm PHYLUM CHORDATA 293 



with a tympanic membrane. The efferent ducts of the testis 

 open into the urinary tubules, and the mesonephric duct of the 

 male is a urinogenital duct. In the female the mesonephric ducts 

 become the ureters, and the oviducts are pronephric ducts with 

 ccelomic apertures. The pronephros is the functional kidney in 

 the larva, the mesonephros in the adult. There is an allantoic 

 bladder. Development is usually accompanied by a metamorphosis, 

 the young being hatched in the form of a branchiate larva. 

 The Amphibia are classified as follows: 



ORDER 1. URODELA. 



Amphibia which retain the tail throughout life. There are 

 usually two pairs of limbs of approximately equal size. 

 The order is conveniently divided into 



a. Perennibranckiata, which retain the gills throughout life : 

 including the American Necturus, the blind Proteus of the under- 

 ground caves of Carniola in Dalmatia, and the Eel-like Siren of 

 North America. 



b. Derotremata, in which the gills are lost in the adult, but 

 there is usually a persistent gill-cleft : including the Newt-like 

 Cryptobranchus and the Eel-like AmpMuma from North America,, 

 and the Giant Salamander, Megalobatrachiis, of China and 

 Japan. 



c. Myctodem, the Salamanders and Newts, in which the gills 

 | are lost ancT the gill-clefts closed in the adult : including the 



common Newts or Efts (Molge), the Spotted and Black Sala- 

 manders (Salamandra) of the European Continent, and the 

 .American AmUystoma, the sexually mature larva of which is the 

 well-known Axolotl. 



ORDER 2. ANURA. 



Amphibia having no tail in the adult condition. The trunk is 

 short and broad, and the hind-limbs greatly exceed the fore-limbs 

 in size. Gills and gill-slits are never present in the adult. 



Including the Frogs and Toads. 



ORDER 3. GYMNOPHIONA. 



Snake-like Amphibia having neither limbs nor tail. A dermal 

 exoskeleton is present. There are no gills or gill-slits in the 

 adult. 



Including the Csecilians (Ccecttia, Epicrium, &c.). 



ORDER 4. STEGOCEPHALA. 



Extinct tailed Amphibia, often of great size, having usually 

 two pairs of limbs and a well-developed dermal exoskeleton. The 

 group ranges from the Permian to the Trias. 



VOL. II T 



