36 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE AND NERVE. 



with a definite velocity. In a long muscle with parallel bundles of 

 fibers one may prove, by proper recording apparatus, that if the 

 muscle is stimulated at one end a point near this end enters into 

 contraction before a point farther off. Knowing the difference in 

 time between the appearance of the contraction at the two points 

 and the distance apart of the latter, we have the data for determin- 

 ing the velocity of its propagation. In frog's muscles this velocity 

 is found to be equal to 3 or 4 meters per second, while in human 

 muscle, at the body temperature, it is estimated at 10 to 13 meters 

 per second. Knowing the time it takes this wave to pass a given 

 point (d) and its velocity (v), its entire length is given by the 

 formula l = vd. In the frog's muscle, therefore, with a velocity of 

 3000 mm. .per second, and a duration of, say, 0.1 second, the 

 product (3000X0.1=300 mms.) gives the length of the wave or 

 the length of muscle which is in some phase of contraction at any 

 given instant. Under normal conditions the muscle fibers are 

 stimulated through their motor plates, which are situated toward 

 the middle of the fiber, or perhaps one muscle fiber may have 

 two or more motor plates, giving two or more points of stimula- 

 tion. It follows, therefore, from this anatomical arrangement 

 and the great velocity of the wave that all parts of the fibers 

 are in contraction at the same instant and, indeed, in nearly the 

 same phase of contraction. Under abnormal conditions muscles 

 may exhibit fibrillar contractions; that is, separate fibers or bundles 

 of fibers contract and relax at different times, giving a flickering, 

 trembling movement to the muscle. 



Idipmuscular Contractions. In a fatigued or moribund muscle mechan- 

 ical stimulation may give a localized contraction which does not spread or 

 spreads very slowly, showing that the abnormal changes in the muscle prevent 

 the excitation from traveling at its normal velocity. A localized contraction 

 of this kind was designated by Schiff as an idiomuscular contraction. It may 

 be produced in the muscle of a dying or recently dead animal by localized 

 mechanical stimulation, as by drawing a blunt instrument e. g., the handle 

 of a scalpel across the belly of the muscle. The point thus stimulated stands 

 out as a wheal, owing to the idiomuscular contraction. 



The Energy Liberated in the Contraction. When a muscle 

 contracts, energy is, as we say, liberated in several forms, and 

 can be measured quantitatively. First, there is a production of 

 heat, which is indicated by a rise in temperature of the muscle.* 

 According to Heidenhain, the temperature of the frog's muscle 

 is increased in a single contraction by 0.001 C. to 0.005 C. Larger 

 muscles, such as those of the thigh of the dog, when repeatedly 

 stimulated may cause a rise of temperature of from 1 to 2 C. 

 The thermometer does not, of course, measure the amount of heat 



* For general discussion, see Tigerstedt in Winterstein's "Handbuch d. 

 vergleich. Physiologic." 



