114 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE AND NERVE. 



by a wave of electrical potential. This fact may be shown by 

 stimulating the motor areas in the cerebral cortex and testing the 

 efferent nerves, such as the sciatic, for an action current; or by 

 stimulating a posterior root on one side in the lumbar region and 

 testing the sciatic nerve on the other side with a galvanometer.* 

 Moreover, all influences that alter the velocity or strength of the 

 nerve impulse affect the intensity of the action current in the same 

 manner. It is believed generally, therefore, that the electrical 

 change is an invariable accompaniment of the excitatory wave, 

 and the demonstration of an action current in a nerve is tanta- 

 mount to a proof of the passage of a nerve impulse, f 



Direction of Conduction in the Nerve. The fact that under 

 normal conditions the motor fibers conduct impulses only in one 

 direction i. e., toward the periphery and the sensory fibers in 

 the opposite direction that is, toward the nerve center suggests, 

 of course, the question as to whether the direction of conduction is 

 conditioned by a fundamental difference in structure in the two 

 kinds of fibers. No such difference in structure has been revealed 

 by the microscope. It is the accepted belief in physiology that 

 any nerve fiber may conduct an impulse in both directions, and 

 does so conduct its impulses when the fiber is stimulated in the 

 middle of its course. An entirely satisfactory proof for this 

 belief is difficult to furnish unless the conclusion in the preceding 



paragraph is ad- 

 mitted the con- 

 clusion, namely, 

 that the electrical 

 change is a neces- 

 sary and invariable 

 accompaniment of 



Fig. 52. Schema to show the arrangement for proving the nerve impulse, 



the propagation of the negative charge in both directions: T , . 



a. The stimulating electrodes; g and 0', galvanometers It IS not 



with leading off electrodes arranged to show the negative . eVi/vnr V 



variation on each side. TO bilOW u 



of a galvanometer 



that when a nerve trunk is stimulated the wave of negativity 

 spreads in both directions from the point stimulated and gives 

 an action current on either side, as indicated in the accompany- 

 ing diagram. This fact holds true for motor or for sensory 

 fibers. The older physiologists attempted to settle this question 

 in a more direct way, but by methods which later experiments 

 have proved to be insufficient. They attempted, for instance, to 



*Gotch and Horsley, "Phil. Trans., Royal Soc.," London, 1891, vol. 

 182 (B), and Boruttau, "Pfliiger's Archiv," 1901. 



f For a more extended discussion, see Keith-Lucas, Croonian Lecture, 

 "Proceedings of the Royal Society," B, 85, 582, 1912. 



