190 ZOOLOGY SECT. 



eye-muscles. In front of the auditory region the cranium is exca- 

 vated on each side by a large orbit, a vertical plate or interorbital 

 septum (OR. SPH.) separating the two cavities from one another. 

 In front of the orbital region the cranium broadens out to form 

 the olfactory capsules, each excavated by a deep pit (olf. s.) for the 

 olfactory sac, and anterior to these is a blunt snout or rostrum. 

 The occipital region is formed as usual from the parachordals of 

 the embryonic skull, the auditory region from the auditory cap- 

 sules, and the rest of the cranium from the trabeculse. 



The cartilage bones, formed as ossifications in the chondrocranium, 

 correspond in essentials with the typical arrangement already de- 

 scribed (p. 72). In the occipital region are four bones ; the 

 basi-occipital (B. oc.), forming the greater part of the occipital 

 condyle and the hinder region of the basis crami or skull-floor : 

 the ex-occipitals (EX. OC.), placed one on each side of the foramen 

 magnum and meeting both above and below it ; and the supra- 

 occipital (s. oc.) forming the occipital crest already noticed. 

 Each auditory capsule is ossified by five bones i.e.,two more than 

 the typical number (p. 72); the pro-otic (PR. OT.) in the anterior 

 region of the capsule, uniting with its fellow of the opposite side 

 in the floor of the brain case, just in front of the basi-occipital : 

 the opisthotic, in the posterior part of the capsule, external to the 

 ex-occipital ; the sphenotic (SPH. OT.), above the pro-otic and 

 forming part of the boundary of the orbit ; the pterotic (PT. OT.) r 

 above the ex-occipital and opisthotic, forming a distinct lateral 

 ridge and produced behind into a prominent pterotic process ; and 

 the epiotic (EP. OT.), a small bone, wedged in between the supra- 

 aiid ex-occipitals and pterotic, and produced into a short epiotic 

 process. On the external face of the auditory capsule, at the 

 junction of the pro-, sphen-, and pterotics, is an elongated facet 

 (h.m.) covered with cartilage and serving for the articulation of 

 the hyo-mandibular. 



The trabecular region of the cranium contains six bones. Im- 

 mediately in front of the conjointed pro-otics, and forming the 

 anterior end of the basis cranii, is a small unpaired Y-shaped 

 bone, the basi-splienoid (B. SPH.). Above it, and forming the 

 anterior parts of the side-walls of the brain-case, are the large 

 paired alisphenoids (AL. SPH.). In the interorbital septum is a 

 median vertical bone, representing fused orbit osphenoids (OR. SPH.). 

 Lastly, in the posterior region of each olfactory capsule, and 

 forming part of the boundary of the orbit, is the ecto-ethmoid 

 (EC. ETH.). 



The membrane bones already referred to are closely applied to 

 the roof and floor of the chondrocranium, and modify its form* 

 considerably by projecting beyond the cartilaginous part, and con- 

 cealing apertures and cavities. The great frontals (FR) cover the 

 greater part of the roof of the skull, concealing the fontanelles, and 



