xin PHYLUM CHORDATA 565 



islands, and the northern coast of Australia. The Ungulata occur 

 in all the great regions, with the exception of the New Zealand, 

 Polynesian, and Australian. Oxen are, with the exception of the 

 American Bison, natives of the Palsearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental 

 regions. Wild Sheep, with the exception of one African and one 

 North American species, are confined to the Nearctic and Oriental 

 regions. Goats are also mainly Nearctic and Oriental. Antelopes 

 are confined to the Old World, and are by far more numerous in 

 the Ethiopian than in other regions. The Prongbucks are 

 Nearctic ; the Giraffes exclusively Ethiopian. Deer are widely 

 distributed in the Nearctic, Neotropical, Palaearctic, and Oriental 

 regions, but are absent from the Ethiopian. The Camels are 

 natives of the Old World ; the Llamas of the Neotropical region. 

 Wild species of Pigs are widely distributed in the Old World and 

 are absent in the New ; while the Peccaries are confined to the 

 Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Hippopotami are confined to 

 Africa. The Horses, including the Zebras and Asses, are restricted 

 at the present day, as regards their natural distribution, to the Old 

 World, though they abounded also in America in the Pleistocene 

 period. Rhinoceroses are Oriental and Ethiopian. Tapirs have a 

 singular distribution, one species occurring in the Malay Archi- 

 pelago, and the rest in the Neotropical region. Hyraxes are con- 

 fined to Africa, Arabia, and Syria. Of the Elephants, one species 

 is confined to the Oriental, the other to the Ethiopian regions, but 

 fossil -remains prove that in Pleistocene times the range of the 

 Elephants, and their gigantic extinct allies, the Mammoths, was 

 very much wider, and extended over Northern Africa and the 

 entire Pala?arctic region. Only one fossil species has been found 

 in America. 



Garni vora, if we leave out of account the Australian Dingo or 

 Native Dog, are absent in the Australian, Polynesian, and New 

 Zealand regions, but range over all the other geographical pro- 

 vinces. The Cats and the Dogs are found in all parts of this 

 extensive area ; the Hyaenas are restricted to the Western part of 

 the Oriental region and the warmer parts of the Holarctic and 

 the Ethiopian. The Civets are most abundant in Africa, Mada- 

 gascar, and South-Eastern Asia, but occur also in the Southern 

 parts of Europe; and many of the smaller groups have a yet 

 more restricted range. Bears have a wide distribution, but are 

 absent from the whole of the Ethiopian region. 



The majority of the Pinnipedia are found in the Arctic and 

 Antarctic regions, and in the temperate zones of both hemispheres, 

 few ranging into the tropics. The Walruses are almost exclusively 

 Northern, while the Eared Seals and Earless Seals are almost 

 equally abundant in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. 



The Rodents have a wider range than any other of the orders of 

 land Mammals, and occur in all parts of the globe, though they are 



